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Some readers may be surprised to learn that many U.S. high schools deny entry to legally eligible students. It is, after all, conventional wisdom that public schools are open to all families and that they eagerly seek to serve all potential students.

I, unfortunately, am not surprised at all. Jo Napolitano鈥檚 great investigative work confirms what my organization, Available to All, has seen in many different contexts: First, public school staffers often have incentives to turn away particular students, especially those who they perceive to be particularly difficult to educate. Second, there is little legal oversight of enrollment practices in most public schools. Finally, even where there are legal requirements, there is minimal oversight and enforcement.

Available to All launched in early 2023 as a nonpartisan watchdog defending equal access to public schools. We have documented many cases in which schools turn away students, either unfairly or illegally, based on discriminatory criteria:

路       Districts have hired private detectives to after school, conduct residency checks and sometimes for accessing the 鈥渨rong鈥� public school.

路       An 8-year-old boy with a disability in Tucson was told he was at the school he was attending, and his 鈥渙pen enrollment鈥� seat was being revoked because the special education program was full.

路       A magnet school in Houston accepts $2 million in additional district funding every year for specialized programs, despite not admitting a single student from outside the attendance zone. The former superintendent of the Houston district calls this practice being 鈥�.鈥�

路       A scandal erupted in Philadelphia over a charter high school that, instead of using an admissions lottery as required by state law, gave to students from certain zip codes or preferred feeder middle schools. Meanwhile, empowered by state law, the Philadelphia school district operates over 240 schools using a default assignment system of .

路       In Tampa, a failing school closed, requiring the district to find a new school for hundreds of low-income elementary students. But not a single one of these students was allowed to enroll in the A-rated schools that were minutes from their homes. Instead, they were bused to majority-minority schools with much lower student achievement.

路       Schools in , and spent $10 million to $20 million each to add capacity to coveted public elementary schools, even though there were thousands of empty seats at nearby schools 鈥� just to preserve privileged access for families who bought homes in the attendance zone.

路       Children in Roseville, California, were in a brand-new elementary school just blocks from their home and instead were bused 20 minutes away to a school in the Center Joint Unified School District, because of an archaic, gerrymandered district line.

路       A school board in a wealthy Connecticut suburb in a pilot 鈥渙pen enrollment鈥� program because it would have required admitting just 16 kids from neighboring Norwalk, which has more middle- and low-income students.

All of the above, except for the charter school始s admissions policies, are legal in 21^st-century America under federal and state law. Now, thanks to Napolitano鈥檚 reporting in 社区黑料, we know there is another reason that schools will deny eligible students a seat in their school: their age and immigration status.

What these stories hint at is that public schools have a tough job, and sometimes staffers will be reluctant to take students who they perceive will be 鈥渉arder to educate.鈥� You can hear it from the school staffer in Napolitano鈥檚 story who claims, without any evidence, that the prospective immigrant student is 鈥済oing to be a dropout.鈥�

Something similar happens with schools that protect themselves through educational redlining 鈥� the attendance zone lines and district boundaries that schools use to turn certain kids away. In a recent story in 社区黑料, Marianna McMurdock quoted an anonymous school staffer as saying the lines are often 鈥�weaponized鈥� to expel certain students whom the school would prefer not to deal with.

This is why the country so desperately needs reform in this area of the law. Last month, my organization published a report, “.” In the report, we call on state legislators to pass new laws that will hold public schools to the highest standards of openness. Families should have the legal right to apply to any public school, and the school should be required to publish a formal letter of denial if a child is rejected, explaining the legal basis for the decision. Every public school should be required to publish application and enrollment data, and every American family should have the right to appeal denial of enrollment to a neutral third party (as families already do in a handful of states, including California and Arkansas).

Napolitano鈥檚 reporting should also be a call to action for all journalists, nonprofits and government agencies in K-12 education: The country needs more people who will shine a light on enrollment policies and hold public schools to their sacred mission of providing equal opportunity for all students.

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