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Michelle Gurgul has a good job as a dental hygienist, but the expense of  private preschool for her daughter near her home in a Detroit suburb is beyond her budget.  

鈥淚f we had to pay for a tuition-based program, she wouldn’t be going,鈥� Gurgul said, who lives in Allen Park with her family. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a big extra cost. Do you pay however many hundreds of dollars a month for preschool? Or do you pay for your car insurance?鈥�

Timing worked in Gurgul鈥檚 favor: This summer, Michigan joined a handful of  states in moving closer to offering 鈥淯niversal Pre-K,鈥� for four-year-olds. It鈥檚 an elusive and much-debated goal of advocates nationally, in which state-funded preschool is available and free for all families.

Michigan鈥檚 Democrat-majority state legislature this year passed an $85 million increase in preschool funding as a step toward Gov. Gretchen Whitmer鈥檚 goal of free preschool for all by 2027. The increase covers the cost of 6,800 more preschool seats, both in schools and in private child care centers 鈥� meaning the state is now offering preschool to about half of its 118,000 four-year-olds.

The increase immediately allowed Gurgul鈥檚 daughter, 4, to attend one of two new classrooms the Allen Park Early Childhood Center opened this fall using the new state money. For Gurgul it鈥檚 a big win, even if Michigan still falls short of the 70% preschool enrollment experts define as true 鈥渦niversal鈥� preschool.

鈥淪he鈥檚 excited every morning,鈥� Gurgul said. 鈥淪he wakes up and she jumps out of bed and asks, 鈥業s it a school day?鈥� She’s excited to get up and go.鈥�

For many, including Presidents Barack Obama and Joe Biden who pushed, but failed, to create preschool for every child, the early education programs are as vital to children鈥檚 academic and emotional development as kindergarten through high school. 

But there鈥檚 no national consensus on what age school should start for children. Even kindergarten isn鈥檛 universal, with only .

And , often , about preschool鈥檚 impact and whether it is worth the money.

An all-time high of 35% of four-year-olds nationally attended preschool in the 2022-23 school year. But only six states 鈥� Florida, Iowa, Oklahoma, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin 鈥� and Washington, D.C, have full, free preschool, according to the National Institute for Early Education Research at Rutgers University. 

Several other states鈥� governors, including Illinois Gov. Elliot Pritzker, are , with a goal of full, free preschool. 

Massachusetts Gov. Maureen Healey and the state鈥檚 legislature have that were once prosperous but have declined as industry moved away.

Colorado Gov. Jared Polis is trying to offer preschool to all four-year-olds, starting with those from low-income families and facing other challenges, such as homelessness. But at the start and have made progress a challenge. 

And California Gov. Gavin Newsom has been inching toward

NIEER reported this spring that 10 states are committed to adding universal preschool, but warned, 鈥淢ost of those states are far from reaching that goal.鈥�

鈥淎 key question for the future is whether states will increase investments enough to keep promises regarding program expansion and quality, including adequate pay for the workforce,鈥� NIEER officials said this spring. 

In Michigan, Gov. Whitmer, a Democrat, used her 2023 State of the State Address to call for expanding the state鈥檚 preschool program and making it free for all four-year olds by 2027. 

鈥淭his investment will ensure children arrive at kindergarten ready to learn and saves their families upwards of $10,000 a year,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t helps parents, especially moms, go back to work. And it will launch hundreds more preschool classrooms across Michigan, supporting thousands of jobs.鈥�

Last year, the state agreed to spend $72.4 million more to pay for five-day preschool instead of just four, and increased the family income limit for free preschool from 250% of the federal poverty level to 300%, or $93,000 for a family of four.

This year, Whitmer and the state legislature increased preschool funding by $85 million to add 6,800 new preschool seats. The state also made more middle-class families eligible by again relaxing state income limits to 400% of poverty level, or $124,800 for a family of four.

The increases passed over strong Republican opposition, as is common in state debates. 

Republican State Rep. Nancy DeBoer said the bill, which also covered other school funding issues, diverts money from more important priorities, such as school safety or increasing funding for schools.

鈥淢aking our future generations a priority is common sense,鈥� she told the House just before the bill passed. 鈥淣eglecting them is a new idea – one that will first hurt our kids and later the entire state. It doesn’t have to be this way.鈥�

And Molly Macec, director of education policy for the right-leaning Mackinac Institute, blasted Whitmer鈥檚 plan as 鈥渨asteful, unnecessary, unfair鈥� for adding higher-income students. Studies of preschool impact typically show greater effects for low-income students.

鈥淗er PreK for All plan will do nothing more than subsidize preschool for wealthier families,鈥� . 鈥淚t鈥檚 a waste of time and money for the state to pay the bills of people who don鈥檛 need help.鈥�

Though Whitmer and staff , the state鈥檚 not there yet. By most definitions, universal preschool requires about 70% of the state鈥檚 four-year-olds to attend to count. That percentage below 100% allows for families who choose not to enroll their children.

Even if all 59,000 funded seats in Michigan are filled this year 鈥� a long shot because thousands of seats sit open each year 鈥� the state program would only serve about half of Michigan鈥檚 118,000 four-year-olds.

Use of available seats has lagged, advocates believe, because of transportation issues, parents not knowing their children are eligible, and because preschool schedules don鈥檛 always line up with family work hours.

Jefftrey Cappizano, president of The Policy Equity Group, a non-profit that joined several others in creating a , called the increases 鈥渁 decent step鈥� toward that goal. He and the report noted that, like many states, Michigan needs to add many more preschool seats as well as train more teachers to support such explosive  growth. 

Preschool and child care staffing is a challenge everywhere. After employees left, staffing levels nationally have only

鈥淵ou have to make sure that the infrastructure is there,鈥� Cappizano said.

He and other preschool advocates also dismissed claims only affluent families benefit from the new income limits. Low-income students have priority under state law, as do those with other challenges such as having parents with low education levels or families that primarily speak another language.

And preschools that may serve the neediest students don鈥檛 always fill, so enrolling other students for those spots helps pay for the school and teachers.

Adding new seats also allows preschools to expand or new ones to open in areas that are low income.

鈥淭he expansion鈥� isn’t just going to expand to the middle class,鈥� said Eileen Storer-Smith, a program officer of the William K. Kellogg Foundation, which has made advancing preschool in Detroit a priority. 鈥淚t’s going to expand to children who are eligible, where there just wasn’t a seat for them.鈥�

Zina Davis, founder of the Children of the Rising Sun Empowerment Center, a child care and preschool center in Detroit, said the increases haven鈥檛 allowed her to expand yet, but will soon. She is planning a second center in the city and also looks forward to some three-year-olds at her center with higher-income families becoming eligible for state funding when they turn four.

The state funding changes also let her increase pay for her staff.

鈥淚t benefits everybody,鈥� Davis said. 鈥淚t benefits the programs for sustainability. It benefits the families, because now we have more slots available. And it also benefits the staff that are able to get livable wages.鈥�

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