Public school librarians in Ohio are raising alarms about book bans and funding cuts.

School librarians have been navigating challenges in their work as long as they鈥檝e been among the stacks in their local districts.

Proposed legislation to filter the reading choices students can make has brought concern, and budget reductions make some worry about the future of public school librarians as a mainstay in schools.

鈥淩ight now, a lot of administrators and school boards look at having school librarians as a luxury,鈥� said Gayle Schmuhl, president of the Ohio Educational Library Media Association. 鈥淚 think a lot of school librarians (in Ohio) are just hoping to stay employed.鈥�

Schmuhl said many members of the association were wondering about the future of their jobs with cuts to public school funding in Ohio and debate over property taxes that go to education.

Cuts to state public education has been talked about for decades, especially after multiple Ohio Supreme Court decisions that said .

In 2022, a model called the Fair School Funding Plan came about with bipartisan sponsorship, and was passed in what some saw as a new era for Ohio. The plan was to fund schools based on actual need from school district to school district.

The model almost made it through the six-year phase-in as planned, but Ohio Republican lawmakers abandoned it in the last operating budget.

While the most recent state operating budget included a $226 million increase in school funding, the Fair School Funding Plan model to maintain its initial calculations and keep up with inflation.

Lawmakers, however, increased private school voucher

Courtney Johnson was a school librarian in Columbus for 10 years, and seeing funding plans decrease for public schools played a part in her move back to teaching English.

She worried that though the funding priorities for schools hadn鈥檛 been spelled out, the cuts might mean she鈥檇 be splitting her time as the librarian in multiple district buildings.

鈥淚鈥檓 a person who likes to have roots in a place and go to my 鈥榳ork home鈥� every day,鈥� Johnson told the Capital Journal.

Johnson said returning to the classroom also means following an entire class through their year-long experience, and still means helping kids with reading and writing, two things that are among the passions that brought her to the profession.

鈥淓very kid has a story, even if they don鈥檛 trust that they do at first, and I love making space for them to tell their stories,鈥� Johnson said.

As a librarian, she saw the importance of parents reading to their kids, students receiving the context of other subjects in school for 鈥渇ull background knowledge鈥� to help them decode the words they鈥檙e reading, and encouraging the connection between kids and books.

鈥淲e鈥檝e known this, that when kids see themselves represented in books, they feel more connected to the books, they鈥檙e going to like reading better,鈥� Johnson said. 鈥淟ikewise, kids can see how other people live in books, and develop empathy that way.鈥�

Part of the job of the modern school librarian is discussing material with parents that they may find objectionable enough to demand it be taken off the shelves.

Sharon Hawkes, a retired librarian who is also part of the group Right to Read Ohio, decided to survey school librarians, with the help of the Ohio Educational Library Media Association鈥檚 member list.

Of those who participated in Hawkes鈥� study, 56% 鈥渆xperienced censorship incidents鈥� between 2021 and 2025.

While she only received responses from 32 school librarians, about 10% of the total school librarians in the state, she said the experiences were still indicative of a challenge in Ohio.

鈥淲e鈥檙e getting some clues about what鈥檚 going on,鈥� Hawkes said, noting that because there鈥檚 no standard survey system in each state to study censorship in libraries, the count made by organizations like the American Library Association may be less than the actual amount happening across the country.

The American Library Association reported 98 attempts to censor 355 books in Ohio from 2021 to 2024, and last year, there were seven attempts to censor 129 books, according to the ALA.

Schmuhl agreed that the study was representative of the experience she鈥檇 heard of in the state.

鈥淚 did see that school librarians in our areas were being proactive and trying to have good communication within their school districts (about attempts to ban books),鈥� Schmuhl said.

In Hawkes鈥� study, of the 16 censorship requests in Ohio between 2021 and 2024, eleven were 鈥渃hallenges without removals,鈥� while eight resulted in a book ban of some kind, and three involved 鈥渞elocations of books or other materials.鈥�

According to the researcher, librarians use 鈥渙bjective criteria鈥� in decisions about what materials are age-appropriate and relevant for the school libraries. Their training qualifies them to decide on the inventory, and to deal with challenges from parents, where the majority of material challenges came from in the study.

The majority of school librarians who responded to Hawkes鈥� survey had between 11 and 15 years of experience as the director or manager of their current library, and more than 62% had a Master鈥檚 degree in Library Science.

鈥淢ore than anything, I wanted people to understand that parents do have the right to guide what their children read and when they read it 鈥� they can approach their librarians about it,鈥� Hawkes said. 鈥淲hat they can鈥檛 do is ban books for other people鈥檚 children.鈥�

For Johnson, moving back to English doesn鈥檛 mean she鈥檒l avoid the topic of censorship.

鈥淚 think I鈥檓 going to deal with that in public schools under what we have going on right now, no matter what my position is,鈥� she said.

The legislature approved one measure to compel public libraries to relocate 鈥渋nappropriate鈥� materials out of the sight of minors, but 聽as 鈥渘ot workable.鈥�

Another bill still in consideration by the legislature would order that go to public libraries and schools to create protections to prevent 鈥渋nappropriate鈥� content from making it to kids鈥� eyes.

Opponents of the materials have said the bill could have unintended consequences, removing materials that are educational as well.

Johnson鈥檚 classroom goals include helping kids maintain reading to 鈥済et them ready for this really difficult world that we鈥檙e navigating,鈥� and bring the parents in as part of it.

鈥淲e need to work together as parents and school communities to make sure kids are achieving literacy, and we know that having access to books at home, and at school, at their fingertips, is just the beginning of it,鈥� she said.

is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Ohio Capital Journal maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor David Dewitt for questions: info@ohiocapitaljournal.com.

The Iowa law prohibiting school libraries from having books containing sexually explicit material can go into effect, federal appeals court judges ruled Friday.

The three-person panel moved to lift the injunction blocking the law from enforcement Friday. Portions of the were previously blocked in January by U.S. District Court Judge Stephen Locher. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ruled that Locher鈥檚 decision was based on a 鈥渇lawed analysis of the law.鈥�

The law prohibits school libraries from including books with written and visual depictions of sex acts from, in addition to banning instruction and materials involving issues of 鈥済ender identity鈥� and 鈥渟exual orientation鈥� for students in kindergarten through sixth grade. These regulations will now be allowed to take effect as legal challenges continue.

The law is being challenged by multiple parties, including the, Iowa Safe Schools, as well as the publisher Penguin Random House and due to the law.

Iowa State Education Association President Joshua Brown said in a statement that the organization was 鈥渄isappointed鈥� by the appeals court decision.

鈥淏anning essential books in our schools is a burden for our educators, who will face punishment for not guessing which book fits into a supposed offensive category, and for our students, who are deprived of reading from great authors with valuable stories,鈥� Brown said in a statement. 鈥淚f Iowa鈥檚 elected leaders truly valued education professionals, they would leave important classroom decisions to the local school districts and the experts who work in them 鈥� not make what we teach our students a game of political football.鈥�

Critics of the measure say that the law will keep classic literature 鈥� like the books 鈥淏rave New World鈥� and 鈥淯lysses鈥� 鈥� from being available in school libraries, but that a majority of the books removed from school shelves are those focused on stories about race and LGBTQ+ issues, like 鈥淕ender Queer,鈥� 鈥淎ll Boys Aren鈥檛 Blue,鈥� and 鈥淭he Color Purple.鈥�

Educators have criticized the state for not clarifying the rules surrounding the law, as the Iowa Department of Education to provide more information on what materials are considered 鈥渁ge-appropriate鈥� under the law. The state department has said they plan to address allegations of noncompliance on a case-by-case basis.

But Iowa Attorney General Brenna Bird said the appeals court decision was a win for Iowa parents.

鈥淭oday, the US Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit confirmed what we already knew 鈥� it should be parents who decide when and if sexually-explicit books are appropriate for their children,鈥� Reynolds said. 鈥淗ere in Iowa, we will continue to focus on excellence in education and partnerships with parents and educators.鈥�

The lawsuit found that the district court decision did not properly evaluate the law under existing precedent 鈥� referring specially to the 2024 U.S. Supreme Court decision in , a lawsuit involving speech on social media platforms. However, the judges also rejected the state鈥檚 argument that school library materials constitute 鈥済overnment speech.鈥� They also found that a transgender student whose school district banned gender-sexuality alliance clubs due to concerns about the law has standing to sue.

The ACLU of Iowa, alongside Lambda Legal and the Jenner & Block law firm, plaintiffs in the lawsuit, issued a join statement saying that Iowa families and LGBTQ+ students were 鈥渄eeply frustrated and disappointed鈥� by the court鈥檚 decision, especially as the 2024-2025 school year approaches.

鈥淒enying LGBTQ+ youth the chance to see themselves represented in classrooms and books sends a harmful message of shame and stigma that should not exist in schools,鈥� the legal organizations said in the statement. 鈥淲e are, however, encouraged by the Eighth Circuit鈥檚 complete rejection of the State鈥檚 most dangerous arguments, and we look forward to renewing our request for relief from this law鈥檚 damaging and unconstitutional effects on LGBTQ+ students. 鈥� We will ask the district court to block the law again at the earliest opportunity.鈥�

The decision returns the case to district court for further action.

is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Iowa Capital Dispatch maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Kathie Obradovich for questions: info@iowacapitaldispatch.com. Follow Iowa Capital Dispatch on and .