Even after the exams and papers are done, students at New Hampshire鈥檚 community colleges have sometimes faced another headache: credit transfers.

Across the state鈥檚 public higher education systems, not all completed courses at a community college are helpful for a given degree at a public four-year college or university. A student pursuing an engineering degree, for instance, might learn too late that the algebra-based physics course they took in community college is less useful toward their four-year degree than a calculus-based course.

It can be a vexing problem, requiring a student to pay for credits they didn鈥檛 think they needed.

鈥淭he large private online college in Manchester will take everything,鈥� said Stephen Appleby, director of educator support and higher education at the New Hampshire Department of Education, referring to Southern New Hampshire University. 鈥淪o how do our public colleges compete when they鈥檙e turning away credits and one of their competitors is accepting every credit?鈥�

College administrators have been working in recent years to strengthen those course pathways and eliminate confusion. But it鈥檚 one of several processes state officials say need to be improved to take on a growing problem for state-run colleges: Costs are too high and not enough students are attending.

New Hampshire colleges continue to face . High school graduating classes continue to shrink on average. And annual enrollment across New Hampshire state-run colleges and universities has fallen from 31,307 students in 2019 to 27,056 in 2023.

This year, public colleges and universities are being pressed into action. Gov. Chris Sununu signed a law July 12, , requiring the University System of New Hampshire and the Community College System of New Hampshire to follow from a task force convened by the governor last year.

The main objective: increasing consolidation.

The task force had 90 days to try to increase enrollment and decrease costs, and it came away with a clear conclusion. New Hampshire鈥檚 public colleges and universities and its community colleges will need to combine resources and scale back in the coming years.

The school systems are not merging 鈥� lawmakers , proposed by Sununu in 2021, after pushback from faculty of the community college system who feared layoffs. But they are coordinating, officials say.

A push toward alignment

Enrollment challenges are not unique to the Granite State. Nationwide, colleges are closing at a rate of one per week, according to Appleby. 鈥淲e think that鈥檚 going to continue to accelerate the next few years,鈥� he said.

But while areas of the country such as Florida, Texas, and Arizona are growing, enrollment problems are particularly acute in the Northeast and Midwest. 鈥淲e鈥檙e not high-growth areas of the country, and our populations are aging,鈥� Appleby said.

Some states are already choosing to consolidate. Alaska, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Vermont are among the states that have tried a similar approach with their state-run community colleges and higher education institutions.

Those states 鈥渉ave gone down this road of saying, 鈥極kay, we can鈥檛 sustain cost and enrollments,鈥欌�� Appleby said.

Now it鈥檚 New Hampshire鈥檚 turn, Appleby and others say. Working with a Boulder, Colorado-based organization known as the National Center for Higher Education Management Systems, the New Hampshire task force came up with a number of recommendations to carry out the idea 鈥� some that would require funding and legislative approval and others that could be done more quickly.

In the short-term category, the committee recommended that the two systems align their credits so community college students can transfer more of their coursework into the four-year colleges and universities. They suggested a fast-tracked admissions process where community college students with a certain GPA could automatically enroll in a USNH college. They also proposed a similar process where a high school student with a certain GPA could easily enter a community college.

Other ideas included recruiting employers who agree to help graduates with loan repayments if they are hired, and consolidating the entire community college system into one entity with one accreditation.

Among the longer-term ideas: further merging the community college and public higher education system under one chancellor and one governing board; eliminating duplicate courses between the two systems to reduce competition; and expanding online instruction.

Different challenges, advantages

Though aligned on the goal of boosting enrollment, the problems for the university system and community college system are different.

For the University System of New Hampshire, whose colleges include the University of New Hampshire, Plymouth State University, and Keene State College, the problem is existential: Fewer students are going to high school in New Hampshire, and fewer high school graduates are going into college.

Beyond the basic demographic challenges accompanying more than 20 years of dropping K-12 enrollment, young adults are concerned about cost and debt, and are gravitating toward online options or alternative career paths, noted Catherine Provencher, chancellor of the University System of New Hampshire, in an interview.

The result is that colleges 鈥� both public and private 鈥� are not only competing against each other for students but also attempting to sell students on the concept of college itself. Provencher said USNH is largely working to stabilize its student population now, about 50 percent of whom are from out of state.

鈥淚ncreasing enrollment in this environment? That might not be realistic,鈥� she said.

In contrast, the community college system may be better poised to adapt to toughening economic conditions, noted Mark Rubinstein, the chancellor of the CCSNH and a member of the task force, in an interview.

Community colleges are less dependent on high school graduates and cater more to working adults, who may be more likely to seek higher education training during downturns. And community colleges, which are less residential-based, can meet students鈥� needs geographically, allowing them to maintain families and jobs outside of classes.

鈥淧art of the way that we鈥檙e envisioning the future is that with technology changing, with industries changing, with the circumstances in individual people鈥檚 lives causing them to want to alter directions, we anticipate that although the number of 18-year-olds can only grow as fast as as the number of newborns arise, that the number of adults who will need education and will want to pursue new pathways is likely to grow significantly,鈥� Rubinstein said.

Many of the consolidation moves are centered around defensive actions to stop state-run colleges and universities from losing more money, Appleby says. While the University System of New Hampshire has for in-state students for the past six years, administrative costs have continued to climb. Finding savings will allow USNH to hold off on future tuition hikes and maintain financial aid options even as expenses grow.

鈥楥lear pathways鈥�

Administrators aren鈥檛 just trying to stanch the financial bleeding. They鈥檙e also trying to build enthusiasm.

One approach is by increasing industry involvement with the colleges. 鈥淚f I鈥檓 a high schooler, a young adult, and I know that if I go through this program at Manchester Community College or at Keene State (College) and then on the other end is a job waiting for me it makes it a lot more likely I鈥檓 going to go through the program,鈥� said Appleby.

Clear roadmaps for community college students thinking about four-year college could help too, officials say. Following a law passed in 2022, USNH and CCSNH have coordinated to develop 50 different 鈥漷ransfer pathways鈥� for community college students, according to a report to lawmakers this month.

Those pathways delineate exactly which community college courses they should sign up for in order to have the smoothest transition to their intended bachelor鈥檚 degree if they choose to transfer to a four-year college. A student interested in working in the biotechnology industry, for instance, could follow one of the pathways to enroll in the exact community college chemistry, microbiology, and physics courses they need to finish the degree seamlessly at the University of New Hampshire.

Another tactic is to streamline the college-going experience for students 鈥� even before they reach adulthood. That鈥檚 where the 鈥淓arly College At Your High School鈥� program comes in. Previously known as 鈥淩unning Start,鈥� the program allows high school students to take college courses in high school, allowing them to obtain credits and cut down on costs later on. For students, two courses are free; subsequent courses are $150 each.

鈥淭here may be a whole cohort of students in high school right now that haven鈥檛 thought about going to college,鈥� said Provencher. 鈥淏ut if we can have clear pathways for students and joint communication 鈥� there are opportunities for those students to get some credits in high school, maybe get a lot of credits in high school, go on to the community college system, and then go on to the university system.鈥�

is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. New Hampshire Bulletin maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Dana Wormald for questions: info@newhampshirebulletin.com. Follow New Hampshire Bulletin on and .

The rate of Indiana high school seniors who go directly on to college remains stagnant, according to the latest data released by state officials.

New numbers for the Class of 2022 announced Thursday by the Indiana Commission of Higher Education (CHE) indicated 鈥� for the 鈥� that just 53% of Hoosier graduates furthered their education with certificate training, a two-year program or enrollment at a four-year college.

It鈥檚 a 6% drop from the class of 2019, and 12% lower than in 2015.

Still, because the data further shows that the total number of 2022 high school graduates increased by 3%, that translates to fewer students enrolled in postsecondary education directly after high school.

鈥淓ven though the college-going rate held steady at 53%, we actually lost a number of first-time students enrolling from our headcount perspective,鈥� said Brooke Kile, associate commissioner for business intelligence.

CHE staff presented preliminary data during the commission鈥檚 bi-monthly meeting on Thursday. Official numbers for 2022 are expected to be released next week.

The rate 鈥� called 鈥渄ismal鈥� by numerous state lawmakers and education officials 鈥� continues the . The decline began several years prior, however.

More students going out of state

CHE defines the college-going rate as the percentage of students who enroll in a postsecondary institution within the year following high school graduation.

Per the 2022 data, 47% of students who completed Career and Technical Education (CTE) training while in high school went on to pursue additional postsecondary coursework.

But among those CTE students, Kile noted that Indiana continues to have access gaps among different demographic groups.

About 70% of Asian students and 48% of White students who took CTE classes went on to college, according to the commission鈥檚 numbers. Forty-four percent of Black students and 41% of Hispanic and Latino students continued education after graduation.

Kile said, too, that male students are 鈥渋ncreasingly choosing鈥� not to participate in postsecondary education.

Indiana鈥檚 21st Century Scholars students are making the jump, though, and have 鈥渁 very strong college-going rate,鈥� Kile continued. The covers full tuition and fees at Indiana colleges and universities for low-income students, who enroll in the 8th grade.

Eighty-one percent of scholars in the 2022 cohort advanced to postsecondary education, according the the new data. That鈥檚 compared to 59% of non-scholar students who continued their studies.

CHE officials also identified a new trend with the Class of 2022 鈥� of the students who are going to college, more are enrolling in out-of-state schools.

Around 27% of graduating seniors enrolled in one of Indiana鈥檚 public four-year institutions, followed by 10% who attend a public two-year school and 8% who enrolled at a private college or university.

Another 8% went to a school outside of Indiana, according to the data.

鈥淭his is the highest out-of-state percentage that we鈥檝e seen in the last several years,鈥� Kile explained. She said Indiana鈥檚 college-going rates only held steady the out-of-state enrollment went up.

鈥淥ne year is not a trend, so we are not necessarily sounding the alarm,鈥� she continued. 鈥淏ut we are definitely looking at what sort of early indicator data we can get from the 2023 and 2024 cohorts, looking at attendance patterns, to see if we need to do any sort of special initiatives to encourage students to stay in Indiana.鈥�

CHE initiatives continue

Also previewed Thursday was a data update on the Class of 2021.

CHE officials said 51% of the 2021 cohort that enrolled in a postsecondary program within a year after high school graduation met all three early college success benchmarks: 鈥嬧�媡hey did not need remediation, they completed all courses they attempted during their first year of enrollment, and they persisted to their second year of schooling.

According to the latest numbers, 77% of the 2021 cohort that enrolled in a postsecondary program persisted to the second year, which Kile said is the highest persistence rate in more than a decade.

Still, Kile and other commission officials emphasized ongoing efforts to boost postsecondary enrollment.

Current initiatives include:

Additional support from the Frank O鈥橞annon grant 鈥� a 35% increase to awards took effect beginning with the 2023 cohort.鈥淧re-admissions letters,鈥� , which indicated to Hoosier students at least three Indiana colleges and universities to which they qualified to attend.Automatic enrollment for eligible 21st Century Scholars 鈥� which in the 2027 graduating class from 20,000 to over 40,000.Adding incentives for Indiana campuses to prioritize low-income youth and adult enrollment.

Kile also noted CHE鈥檚 continued expansion of the Indiana College Core offerings, given that College Core completion 鈥渋s the best indicator for college going.鈥�

The curriculum consists of a 30-credit-hour block of general education courses that transfer between all of Indiana鈥檚 public institutions and some private colleges.

Adding to the effort, in March will require to be more accessible to high schoolers across the state, and compels Hoosier colleges and universities 鈥� minus Ivy Tech Community College and Vincennes University 鈥� to offer three-year degree programs by July 2025.

is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Indiana Capital Chronicle maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Niki Kelly for questions: info@indianacapitalchronicle.com. Follow Indiana Capital Chronicle on and .

The continued steep drops in college enrollment, especially at community colleges which attract disproportionate numbers of low-income and minority students, are both surprising and worrisome.

This spring, overall college enrollment fell by 603,000 students, from 17.5 million to 16.9 million 鈥� a drop that is seven times worse than the year before when the pandemic first hit and marks the steepest year-over-year decline since 2011, the first year the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center began keeping track. The Research Center released the latest figures in Wednesday.

Community colleges were hit hardest, declining 9.5 percent, or 476,000 fewer students. More than 65 percent of the total undergraduate enrollment losses this spring occurred in the community college sector.

鈥淭he final estimates for spring enrollment confirm the pandemic鈥檚 severe impact on students and colleges this year,鈥� said Doug Shapiro, the Clearinghouse鈥檚 executive director.

In May, the Clearinghouse released preliminary data on spring enrollments based on 76 of the country鈥檚 higher education institutions. This report includes 97 percent of the nation鈥檚 postsecondary enrollments.

In this most recent report, California led the nation in enrollment loss by headcount with a decrease of nearly 123,000 students. New Mexico declined the most by percentage, dropping 11.4 percent. Michigan placed in the top five states for both declining enrollment and percentage drop. Only seven states showed enrollment increases from last spring, many of them modest, although New Hampshire added 18,152 students, for a 10.8 percent bump.

This report also confirmed a trend from earlier analyses: Enrollment among male students continued to fall at greater rates than female students. Men declined by 5.5 percent, or 400,000 students, while women dropped 2 percent, or 203,000 students compared with last spring.

The continued enrollment questions are troubling mostly because the declines have persisted longer than expected. Will enrollments ever recover, or have thousands of men and minorities abandoned their college dreams?

鈥淗ow long that impact lasts will depend on how many of the missing students, particularly at community colleges, will be able to make their way back to school for the coming fall,鈥� said Shapiro.