More than a decade ago, Queens teacher Nicole Radosti Pipia鈥檚 fifth- and sixth-grade students seemed to love reading novels in school. 

鈥淭he Giver鈥� by Lois Lowry was prized for its mystery. 鈥淲onder鈥� by R.J. Palacio taught them about kindness and acceptance. 鈥淔reak the Mighty鈥� by Rodman Philbrick showed them the power of friendship. 

Now, she said, they don鈥檛 read any. Instead, students often spend class time reading excerpts and short stories to better prepare them for the sorts of questions they鈥檇 encounter on standardized exams.

The demands of her school鈥檚 reading program leave no room to study novels, the English teacher said.

鈥淲e鈥檙e told that we cannot deviate from the program, and if you have to do the program, there鈥檚 literally no time,鈥� Pipia said. 

Another New York City middle school teacher, who asked to remain anonymous out of fear of retaliation, said her school taught novels before the pandemic. Now, 鈥渋t can be done, but not with the constraints placed on us as teachers,鈥� she said. 

For the past few years, her school has required her to have her students 鈥� most of whom are English language learners and struggling readers 鈥� spend half of each 40-minute class period, four days a week, completing an online targeted reading intervention program, she said. They often end up clicking through the program and visiting Spotify and YouTube instead. The remainder of the period is devoted to the school鈥檚 core curriculum, which does not require novel studies. 

The classroom library she spent a decade building has become 鈥減urely decorative,鈥� she said. With teachers no longer using books, her school is 鈥渓iterally throwing them away.鈥� Even if she had the time to teach a book, the veteran teacher said, her students either have no interest in reading or barely know how. 

鈥淗alf of them have never read a book,鈥� she said. 鈥淚n 10 years, we went from kids reading multiple novels in class to them having never opened a book.鈥� 

All New York City elementary schools and most middle schools use one of three city-approved reading curricula. Two of them 鈥� EL Education and Wit and Wisdom 鈥� require full-length books, while HMH Into Reading and Into Literature do not.

In a statement provided to New York Focus, New York City Public Schools Press Secretary Nicole Brownstein emphasized that English class is 鈥渘ot the only time students have access to full texts.鈥� 

鈥淟iteracy is foundational for every child鈥檚 success and every New York City Public Schools student has access to whole books both in their classrooms and via the citywide digital library,鈥� she said, adding that there was a 14 percent increase in digital book checkouts last school year compared to the year prior. 

There鈥檚 limited data on how much students are actually reading in school. In New York state, where districts have significant autonomy over curriculum, reading programs can vary widely depending on the district, campus, and even classroom. 

For more than a decade, classrooms across the state have been shifting away from full-length books and toward shorter literary works, largely to align with state learning standards and assessments. In interviews with New York Focus, English teachers from across the state lamented that teaching novels has also become more challenging because students have less stamina for or interest in reading them anymore 鈥� even in districts that still encourage it.

鈥淚 teach fewer novels because the kids simply cannot handle it,鈥� said Lori Atkinson, a 37-year high school English teacher at the rural Copenhagen Central School District in the North Country.

Atkinson has seen a slump in endurance and attention span. She cited the impact of the Common Core, a set of academic standards for English and math that most US states, including New York, adopted in the 2010s. It placed a greater emphasis on students鈥� ability to analyze short, complex passages of text. (In 2017, New York  and adopted a similar state-specific set of standards.) 

鈥淚 believe the decline in reading happened when we were forced to excerpt everything, because when you excerpt, you are not building stamina or background knowledge,鈥� Atkinson said. 鈥淚t became all about standardized tests and trying to get the mark that you were proficient.鈥� 

But Atkinson primarily blames students鈥� lack of reading skills on technology, social media, and the rise of artificial intelligence. Teenagers addicted to instant gratification do not have the concentration and skills they need to stay engaged through a long novel, she said, and turn to AI to generate summaries for required reading.

When Atkinson taught ninth and 10th grade in the 1990s, she typically taught five novels and a Shakespeare play each year. Now, teaching 11th and 12th grade, she considers herself lucky to get through three books. She said she used to lend out 20 books a week to students, and now lends out one or two a month. 

The challenge extends beyond novels. Atkinson said that when she assigns a two-page article at the beginning of class, she often sees about half the class stop reading within three minutes. 

Even things that were once a treat are now a challenge to their attention spans. Last school year, after her seniors read 鈥淩emarkably Bright Creatures鈥� by Shelby Van Pelt, she showed them a five-minute movie trailer for the Netflix adaptation. She said most of the teenagers stopped paying attention halfway through. 

Saranac Lake Central School District in the Adirondacks, where high school English teacher Kelsey Francis has worked for 26 years, still encourages educators to teach full-length texts. 

In recent years, however, the number of books Francis can get through during the school year has dropped dramatically. She attributes that, in part, to how AI has affected teaching and learning. Francis has largely stopped assigning homework because she expects students will turn to AI to complete it. Instead, students have to do most of their work by hand in class. 

Making those changes has left significantly less class time for reading. 

It also takes students much longer to get through a book. Since the pandemic, Francis said, she鈥檚 seen a major decline in student vocabulary skills and stamina. 

鈥淭hey fatigue after more than a few pages,鈥� she said. 鈥淚f I were to ask them to independently read for 30 minutes, that is going to be really tough.鈥� 

English teacher and education consultant Emily Aierstok had a similar experience in her Capital Region school district. 

Because students have shorter attention spans, she鈥檚 had to slow down the pace of reading assignments. Instead of assigning two chapters of reading for kids to do at home, she now assigns one. And in addition to requiring 20 minutes of independent reading for homework, she now begins each class with five minutes of reading time to support struggling readers. 

But last school year, Aierstok鈥檚 seventh graders read eight books through in-class and independent reading 鈥� the most in her 26 years of teaching English. She said she鈥檚 been able to overcome challenges with student stamina and interest by giving her students agency in choosing which books to read. 

New York state鈥檚 English Language Arts standards require that students read 鈥渂oth shorter-text and excerpts, as well as full-length works.鈥� In a statement to New York Focus, State Education Department spokesperson JP O鈥橦are said the agency is committed to ensuring all students have access to skilled instruction, but also noted that local school boards and districts are responsible for selecting curricula and instructional materials. 

鈥淓xposing all students to grade-level reading materials with age-appropriate complex ideas and language is critical to mastering the learning standards and developing the knowledge and skills necessary for success beyond the classroom,鈥� the statement reads.听

Fewer than half of New York students in grades 3鈥�8 are proficient in reading, according to state data. Jeff Smink, deputy director at the advocacy group EdTrust-New York, said students鈥� lack of exposure to full-length books has contributed to the state鈥檚 literacy crisis. 

Smink said it鈥檚 important for students to read full-length books to build stamina, learn about context, and develop a love for reading. But he鈥檚 also concerned that too many students don鈥檛 have the foundational skills to reap the benefits of reading and said that teachers should be focused on building literacy earlier.

鈥淛ust giving a book to a kid that doesn鈥檛 have those foundational reading skills is also problematic and can lead to disengagement,鈥� he said. 

Atkinson, the Copenhagen teacher, said it鈥檚 critical teachers continue teaching students full-length books to 鈥渞ewire their brain鈥� and show students the rewards of persistence. Younger educators are not being taught the importance of novel studies in college and in teacher preparatory programs, she said, so it鈥檚 up to veteran educators to spread awareness. 

鈥淚f we never teach them a novel, then shame on us because we鈥檙e the ones who are not giving them the opportunity to build those skills,鈥� she said. 鈥淚f all we expect from them is an excerpt, then all we鈥檙e going to get from them is the bare minimum.鈥� 

This was originally published by .

At first, they shyly raised their hands or whispered 鈥渢hat鈥檚 me鈥� when their teacher sang an attendance song, but then they jumped up and spent the next hour stretching, dancing and singing to calm their 8 a.m. energy.

Providence Public Schools Superintendent Javier Monta帽ez watched from the back of the classroom before he made his way to the colorful carpet full of a dozen 5-year-olds. There, he did windmills with his arms and gave high fives.

Shortly after, it was time for the big task of the morning 鈥� sounding out letters and finding words that began with that letter. Monta帽ez echoed the sound of the letter 鈥楬鈥�, before giving the word 鈥渉appy鈥� as an example and following it with a pair of jazz hands. He laughed as they continued their lesson.

鈥淚t鈥檚 important to remember what it鈥檚 like to be a kid,鈥� he said.

It鈥檚 a mentality that resonates deeply with the superintendent who five years ago was tasked to lead the school district he once attended 鈥� a district that had once let him down.

Providence Public Schools, , educates more than 19,400 students, with more than 80% Black or brown; and who qualify for free or reduced lunch. More than a third of students are English language learners.

There鈥檚 many parts of Monta帽ez鈥檚 story that mirror a typical student in the district, including coming from a low-income Latino background.

But there鈥檚 other parts of his story he doesn鈥檛 ever want to see reflected in his students, like being 鈥渢hat kid out of sight, out of mind, in the back of the classroom trying to make myself smaller than what I was,鈥� Monta帽ez said.

The superintendent remembers what it was like to once be a kid who always felt 鈥渄umb,鈥� with neither he nor his teachers having the resources to help. He remembers once being a kid who entered high school homeless, often sleeping under a tree at a local park or in unlocked cars. He also remembers once being a kid who was unable to read until his junior year 鈥� a kid who fell through the cracks with undiagnosed dyslexia.

In addition to being educated in the district, Monta帽ez has also spent more than 30 years as an educator in the Providence public school system; first as a second and third grade bilingual teacher, before advancing through vice principal and principal roles to interim and permanent superintendent in 2021 and 2022.

His experiences have molded and become the center of his vow to make Providence 鈥渢he destination of education.鈥�

鈥淸When I became an educator], I saw myself again in those seats suffering. [I had to ask myself] 鈥榃hat can I do to help any of those kids that are all little Javiers that no one really saw because 鈥� they were only looking at students who were highly achieving?鈥欌�� Monta帽ez said, adding that curricula and expectations were usually watered down for kids who were struggling.

鈥淥ne of the things I grabbed from the past and put into the future is: How do we help all those students who are suffering, but not forget about those students who are on the cuff of meeting expectations and those students who are exceeding?鈥� Monta帽ez said. 鈥淭hat happens through high-quality curriculum, all day, every day, in the classroom.鈥�

In 2019, the Rhode Island education department after a found the district鈥檚 schools were 鈥渋n crisis,鈥� particularly citing issues with struggling leadership, a 鈥渂roken鈥� school culture and 鈥渁n exceptionally low level of academic instruction, including a lack of quality curriculum and alignment both within schools and across the district.鈥�

When Monta帽ez was promoted to superintendent from principal at a district elementary school  in 2021, he wasby education officials and Rhode Island Governor Dan McKee for being a local leader who 鈥渒nows exactly what our schools need.鈥� More recently, Monta帽ez was credited by Providence Mayor Brett Smiley for his work with staff.

With state aid, and under Monta帽ez鈥檚 leadership, Providence Public Schools has overhauled its approach to literacy instruction through a five-year turnaround plan. In that time, education leaders have established and rolled out its Instructional Coherence Model 鈥� a shift to align all its schools using the same reading curriculum, instruction, professional learning, assessment, coaching and intervention.

The district has begun to see the approach pay off, with two of its elementary schools identified by 社区黑料 as Bright Spots, beating the odds of expected literacy rates based on poverty levels.

Of Rhode Island鈥檚 top five exceptional schools, Asa Messer Elementary School and Leviton Dual Language School are in the Providence school district. The two schools were expected to only have between 17 to 19% of third graders reading on grade level based on its poverty rates that are upward of 80%. Instead, both schools are between 41 to 45% proficient.

An additional 10 schools have literacy rates higher than expected.

Monta帽ez led the work at Leviton Dual Language for 10 years as principal before becoming superintendent. For the district, the improvement has just begun, Monta帽ez and his team said, hopeful that stronger gains are on the horizon.

鈥淲e鈥檙e in the early stages. Any major change takes a solid three to five years to really realize,鈥� said Paula Dillon, deputy superintendent of academics. 鈥淥ur early data points are suggesting we鈥檙e moving in the right direction. 鈥� To move a district this large in the same direction, [it鈥檚 critical to have] consistency, 鈥� and in order to have consistency and coherence, [it begins] with leadership.鈥�

A student who didn鈥檛 think he could

One of Monta帽ez鈥檚 earliest school-related memories is being asked in second grade to read a passage aloud. He remembers looking at the pictures on the page and beginning to make up his own story and the sound of his teacher and classmates laughing.

鈥淔rom that very moment, an invisible filter went up and I told myself 鈥業 will never read out loud again,鈥欌�� Monta帽ez said.

Any time there were group reading activities, he made sure to have an excuse to leave the classroom.

鈥淚 don鈥檛 think I ever really got the foundation that I needed,鈥� Monta帽ez said. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 think they knew or could recognize dyslexia the way it鈥檚 recognized now. For far too long it was 鈥� 鈥榊ou鈥檙e stupid.鈥� 鈥榊ou鈥檙e dumb.鈥� 鈥榊ou鈥檙e not trying hard enough.鈥� 鈥� At one point, I began believing that was true. I was dumb and I couldn鈥檛 learn.鈥�

As each year passed, he made sure to sit in the back of the classroom and do his best to 鈥渇ly below the radar.鈥�

鈥淔or breakfast, I had an A. For gym, I had an A. Lunch, I had an A and everything else was Cs and Ds,鈥� Monta帽ez said, making a joke that his report card spoke Spanish because it was full of 鈥淐, C, C,鈥� like the Spanish word for yes.

From some of his earliest years, Monta帽ez lacked stability at home. Neither of his parents had graduated from high school and didn鈥檛 view education as a priority.  As early as 9 years old, Monta帽ez was being shuffled between the homes of extended family members because of a volatile living situation with his parents.

And by the time he entered high school, he was homeless.

For years, he would often sleep at a nearby Providence park under a tree or find unlocked cars. Sometimes, depending on the weather, he would hide in the school鈥檚 locker room, and when everyone left, would come out to wash his clothing and have a safe place to sleep.

鈥淚 was thinking survival,鈥� Monta帽ez said, adding that he was often viewed as the kid in the back of the classroom falling asleep and a student who didn鈥檛 care.

鈥淚t wasn鈥檛 that,鈥� Monta帽ez said. 鈥淚t was the only place I felt a little safe where I could take a nap in the back room. 鈥� [So,] when I hear now that a kid doesn’t want to give it their all, [I ask] have you checked to see if that kid ate last night? 鈥� Have you checked to see if that kid is safe at night?鈥�

For Monta帽ez, it took until his junior year for a teacher to ask those questions.

Monta帽ez was a stagehand that year. And when his drama teacher asked him to fill in and read some lines after a lead actor broke his leg, the teenager 鈥渓ost it. I flipped tables. I cursed him out,鈥� Monta帽ez said. 

When the teacher approached him a few days later, Monta帽ez explained he felt disrespected in front of everyone, that the teacher knew 鈥渂etter than anyone else that I don鈥檛 know how to read and still gave me a script.鈥�

The teacher didn鈥檛 know, but once he learned Monta帽ez couldn鈥檛 read and had instead been learning by listening and repetition, he intervened with a plan. Every morning and evening they would stay at the school. They worked on identifying letters and decoding, starting with Curious George and comic books.

鈥淗e gave me the wraparound services that I needed. He gave me high dosage tutoring. He showed me how to decode words. He started teaching me how to read a sentence, how to write a sentence,鈥� Monta帽ez said.

Later in the year, there was a late night field trip. The same teacher saw Monta帽ez retreat to Roger Williams Park and hide underneath a tree, where he learned the teenager was homeless. 

The teacher told Monta帽ez to come by his classroom the next morning, but the teenager feared he鈥檇 be reported and get in trouble.

鈥淚 never went back to the school after that day,鈥� Monta帽ez said. He dropped out.

What if鈥�

Monta帽ez only began to consider going back to school when he learned he was going to be a father at 18 and couldn鈥檛 enlist in the military without a GED.

Since then, one question has led his life and decision making: What if?

When he successfully passed his exam for a GED, the question became what if he could, against all odds, be successful in pursuing higher education? He did 鈥� attending Boricua College in New York and receiving his GED, associates and bachelors degree in less than three and a half years.

What if he found a way to translate this learning back to kids like him and prevent his experience for other students? He has 鈥� beginning his work as an elementary substitute teacher in New York before transitioning to a full-time teacher in Providence and working his way up the district.

And what if he could raise the standard, instead of lowering it, in a district that educates a majority of low-income children? He鈥檚 in the process of making it happen.

鈥淚f it wasn’t for me going through those tribulations in my younger years, I wouldn’t be as effective as an educator today and have the hindsight to say, 鈥� 鈥業t’s our job to find [what a student is struggling with] and give them the wraparound services they need,鈥欌�� Monta帽ez said. 鈥淓verything that I do is based on student impact, student outcome and how it’s going to support students. Being a student here, and then being a teacher and working my way up to this position, helped me understand the community. It鈥檚 helped me understand the students. 鈥� The 鈥榳hat if鈥� keeps pushing us.鈥� 

The work first began with Monta帽ez and other state and district education leaders aligning reading instruction, intervention and data tracking.

For years, individual school buildings were allowed to choose their own curriculum, but have now all implemented the same program and supplemental learning materials across the entire district that are rooted in the science of reading. 

Other district initiatives that have taken place under Monta帽ez include required districtwide training on phonics, a strengthened universal screening to identify struggling students, including those with dyslexia, and adopting new systems for stronger and more cohesive data collection.

Among recent changes are also regular walk-throughs by school and district leadership. Central office personnel are required to do quarterly walk-throughs of schools as principals are responsible for visiting at least 80% of their buildings鈥� classrooms each month.

The walk-throughs are paired with feedback that鈥檚 provided to educators within 24 hours. New role-aligned professional development for all educators also furthers cohesive and effective implementation of new curriculum and intervention.

鈥淯sing the Instructional Coherence Model to build our walk-through model and being able to give feedback and calibrate with the building leaders about what they鈥檙e seeing, what we鈥檙e seeing 鈥� if it’s the same and where we鈥檙e seeing trends 鈥� has been a game changer,鈥� Dillon said.

Getting all students to achieve in the classroom also extends outside of school.

The development of the Office of Family and Community Engagement has offered a 鈥渇amily university鈥� where parents can learn strategies to work with students and better support their learning. The office also offers translation services and resources for food, transportation and navigating a transition to a new district, state or country.

鈥淚t takes a village to do this. It鈥檚 hard work day in and day out to make sure students have what they need to be prepared and successful in life,鈥� Monta帽ez said. 鈥淲e need [families] to be part of the school and part of the decision making because we can do it better [together].鈥�

Third grade proficiency rates in Providence have increased year over year since 2021 and the district鈥檚 third graders have almost returned to pre-pandemic reading levels with 24% on grade level as of 2024-25, .

But despite seeing forward movement, there鈥檚 a lot of work left to be done.

With third grade students at Leviton Dual Language and Asa Masser nearly twice as proficient in reading compared to the district average, much of the success in those buildings were credited by Monta帽ez and Dillion to efforts like intensive high dosage tutoring, bilingual education programs and stable leadership. They hope to learn from those buildings and continue expansion across the district.

鈥淲e’re in a continuous improvement cycle,鈥� Dillon said. 鈥淭he only way that we can continue to improve is to know where we are and what’s working and what’s not and being willing to change that.鈥�

As of July, the state has returned the Providence school system back to local control, about a year and a half earlier than expected. Monta帽ez鈥檚 contract is up for renewal in 2027.

For now though, it鈥檚 about taking the small wins and pushing forward as a team.

鈥淚t took one teacher to change my life,鈥� Monta帽ez said. 鈥淭hat teacher didn鈥檛 take pity on me; that teacher had high expectations. 鈥�  We need to set those expectations for our students [and] for ourselves as educators.鈥�

When Mississippi overhauled its literacy education in 2013, one of the most controversial pieces was a policy to retain third graders if they couldn鈥檛 pass the reading portion of the state’s English language arts assessment.

Years later, as education officials across the country have taken notice of Mississippi鈥檚 literacy gains, more states have adopted their own retention policies. 

More than two dozen states now have laws requiring or allowing schools to retain third grade students who are not reading at grade level, according to an analysis from the Education Commission of the States, a nonprofit that tracks state legislation in the United States. 

But the research on retention is mixed. 

Historically, most studies indicated that students who had to repeat a grade often benefited very little and had long-term negative consequences. Research from the past decade complicates that picture: Younger students may see some positive effects from retention if schools are also combining it with high-intensity tutoring and support, some studies have shown.

Federal data also shows retention rates vary widely by state. 

For most of the U.S., high school students made up a large share of those who repeated a grade level from 2011 to 2021, the most recent years in which national data was available. (The U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights, the only source for consistent data across all states, is now eight months in releasing new data.) 

Mississippi stands out. The state has one of the highest third grade retention rates in the country. 

鈥淚f the retention happens in earlier grades and is combined with help 鈥� not just a threat, but some kind of positive intervention 鈥� the results, at least in the short-run, tend to be good,鈥� said Dan Goldhaber, director of the Center for Education Data and Research at the University of Washington.

鈥榃e have to do something鈥�

Rachel Canter, an education policy expert who helped craft the Literacy-Based Promotion Act, said that in 2013, the Legislature was desperate to improve reading in Mississippi. 

鈥淭he rationale was that we have to do something about the fact that we have kids graduating high school that are barely literate,鈥� she said. 鈥淲e had been living in that reality for a long time.鈥�

Mississippi lawmakers started looking to Florida, she said, where former Gov. Jeb Bush made ending 鈥渟ocial promotion鈥� 鈥� the practice of passing students because of their age 鈥� one of his signature policies.

鈥淭he argument that won was, 鈥榃e have to do something, and we know how harmful it is when kids pass with no skills,鈥欌�� Canter said. 

Tenette Smith, who at the time helped lead the Mississippi Department of Education鈥檚 literacy initiatives, said the Legislature wanted the retention policy to hold administrators and leaders accountable to the state鈥檚 children. 

The policy was met with criticism. Opponents were worried that it was punitive and would set children up for failure. Across the country, retention policies have become a partisan issue, Canter said, with Democrats largely viewing them as harmful to children. 

School administrators in Mississippi said many children would be retained if the policy was passed. But Canter took issue with that mindset and the assumption underneath it: That it鈥檚 impossible to get kids ready to read.

鈥淲e were sort of taking a leap of faith,鈥� she said. 鈥淭he goal wasn鈥檛 to retain them, but that was what was going to happen if we couldn鈥檛 get them ready.鈥�

Despite arguments from people who doubt Mississippi鈥檚 reading success and claim the fourth grade reading scores are boosted by holding students back, Canter said Mississippi鈥檚 retention rate didn鈥檛 significantly spike after the 2013 act. 

shows that about 4% of students were held back during the 2011-12 school year. By the 2015-16 school year, after the reading gate was implemented, that percentage increased by a point.

Retention became a hallmark of the state鈥檚 literacy overhaul, but the literacy act established other components that were essential to students鈥� success, she said. 

The act funneled money into literacy education across the state, sending literacy coaches to schools and mandating high-quality curriculum. Teachers received literacy instruction.

鈥淚f retention is the only thing we would have done, I don’t think it would have worked,鈥� she said.

Raising the bar for early grades

The state鈥檚 third grade retention policy has had a trickle-down effect: Retentions in Mississippi are concentrated in kindergarten through second grade, too. 

Researchers including Canter say that鈥檚 because the literacy legislation established more monitoring and higher standards in those grades as well.

That holds true at Western Line School District, with schools located on the banks of the Mississippi River. Western Line held back 68 students in kindergarten through third grade during the 2021-22 school year, compared to 56 students in all other grades combined. 

Not all of those retentions are tied to reading, Superintendent Lawrence Hudson said, but the policy raised the bar for students in early grades.

About 4 in 5 Western Line third graders passed the reading component of the state test on their first try last year, higher than the state average of 75.6%. Passing the test wasn鈥檛 the school鈥檚 focus, Hudson said. 

鈥淲e want to make sure kids are successful for the rest of their life,鈥� he said. 鈥淲e know if children have deficits at younger grades, they鈥檒l get to third grade with those deficits. 

鈥淭he longer you wait, the harder it is to clear those deficiencies.鈥�

Rep. John Hines, a Democrat from Greenville, fears the retention policy is making it harder for students to graduate in his Delta district, which is one of the poorest regions in one of the poorest states in the country. He said he doesn鈥檛 want students in his district to be disproportionately retained. 

But Hines can鈥檛 deny how beneficial retention was for his younger brother decades ago.

鈥淗e was extremely shy and nervous, so he wouldn鈥檛 talk, and once he became nervous, he shut down,鈥� Hines said. 鈥淭he teacher talked my mom into letting him stay back in the first grade.鈥�

That marked the beginning of a transformation, Hines said. His brother was coaxed out of his shell and became an honors student. 

Students don鈥檛 automatically improve when they鈥檙e retained, Canter said. To help students, schools have to get them the academic support they need in that year they repeat. The decision to retain a student is difficult, she said, but combined with intervention, it can pay dividends. 

鈥淎ny time a child is retained, it is a signal that we have not done what we needed to do as adults,鈥� Canter said. But the retention policy paired with additional support has 鈥渄one great things for kids,鈥� she said. 

Extending the gains

Despite Mississippi鈥檚 gains among fourth graders on a national reading assessment, those gains haven鈥檛 continued into higher grades. 

With hopes of extending those gains to fourth through eighth grades, Mississippi lawmakers modeled on the 2013 literacy act. 

The state education agency will deploy coaches to schools across the state, provide training for teachers, require screeners throughout the year to assess students鈥� proficiency and mandate that schools use agency-approved curriculum. 

There鈥檚 one glaring difference: The omits the retention policy.

Research shows holding older students back can negatively affect their chances of graduating, so lawmakers intentionally left a retention policy out, said Rep. Kent McCarty, a Republican from Hattiesburg who is vice chairman of the House Education Committee. 

Without a firm accountability component, Canter is skeptical the Adolescent Literacy Initiative will have the same impact as the 2013 literacy act. 

鈥淚s it going to be enough?鈥� she asked.

This story about was produced as part of a collaboration with at Stanford University and , a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Ariel Gilreath of The Hechinger Report contributed reporting. The data analysis was conducted by Eric Sagara, senior data journalist with Big Local News.

This first appeared on and is republished here under a .

Indiana鈥檚 early literacy rates improved for the fifth consecutive year, with nearly 89% of Hoosier third graders demonstrating proficiency in foundational reading skills on the state鈥檚 IREAD assessment.

The Indiana Department of Education statewide IREAD, ILEARN and SAT results for the 2025-26 school year Tuesday at the State Board of Education鈥檚 August meeting.

The results show continued improvement in early literacy and a new baseline for the state鈥檚 redesigned ILEARN assessment.

Officials credit the success to science of reading instructional coaching targeted at low-performing schools and earlier assessments, which allows schools to identify struggling readers before they enter third grade.

Student literacy rates for every student population have now surpassed pre-pandemic levels, with the greatest year-over-year gains recorded for Black and Hispanic students.

More than 500 schools reached Indiana鈥檚 95% reading proficiency goal in 2026 as well.

IREAD is administered in second and third grade, giving students five opportunities to demonstrate proficiency before leaving third grade.

The assessment measures foundational reading skills like phonics, vocabulary, fluency and basic comprehension.

Students who pass are not required to retest, while those who are rated at risk are offered targeted supports to get them on track. If they don鈥檛 pass, state law requires they remain in third grade. 

Literacy Cadre boosts pass rates

All special needs students at Parkside Elementary School in Columbus passed IREAD last school year.

The school assesses the highest number of special needs students and still passes 100%, Principal Chris Smith told the State Board of Education.

鈥淭he achievement is a powerful reflection of our belief that every student can succeed when provided with high-quality instruction, intentional support and high expectations,鈥� he said.

Parkside is one of 770 Indiana schools to participate in the Department of Education鈥檚 literacy cadre program 鈥� an instructional coaching program available to elementary teachers at schools with low IREAD passage rates.

IREAD growth is nearly four times greater at schools using the cadre than those that do not participate, Chief Academic Officer Anna Shults said.

Third grade passage rates at St. Anthony Catholic School, a predominantly Hispanic school in downtown Indianapolis, surged from 54% to 100% in a single year after the school joined the literacy cadre.

Many students at the school are English learners, but Principal Madalyn Schepers said, 鈥渨e never wanted language to become a reason to lower our expectations.鈥�

The latest cohort of third graders experienced three years of intensive literacy instruction, with an emphasis on what each student needed to reach grade-level benchmarks, she said.

鈥淪tudents were not simply placed into a low (reading) group and left there for the year,鈥� Schepers said. 鈥淭heir progress was monitored, and their groups were fluid. The instruction changed as their needs changed. Our teachers knew their students as readers. They knew who needed additional work and dynamic awareness. They knew who needed decoding support. They knew who needed fluency practice, and they knew when a student was ready to move on.鈥�

Behind the statistic, Schepers said, are children who see a new version of themselves. 鈥淎 child who struggled to read in a second language is now a child who knows they can do hard things.鈥�

State sets new ILEARN baseline

Results from the newly redesigned ILEARN assessment 鈥� a more rigorous, through-year assessment measuring academic mastery of math and English language arts 鈥� set a new overall baseline of 42% proficiency in ELA and 42.7% proficiency in math. 

The test is administered in grades 3 through 8, designed to align with the National Assessment of Educational Progress assessment to measure whether students are on track for college.

This is the first year the redesigned assessment was administered to students.

The Department of Education streamlined the computer-adaptive test to align with core academic standards, in accordance with state law. 

The test is now a through-year assessment, with three checkpoints and a shortened summative assessment administered each spring, allowing parents and educators to monitor student progress throughout the year.

鈥淲e have now a benchmark,鈥� said Paul Ketcham, assistant secretary of education. 鈥淲e have reliability in our data that we鈥檙e receiving today. We now go to work so that we can move our kids in the right direction.鈥�

Scores are divided into four categories: below, approaching, at or above proficiency. 

Ketcham said nearly 80% of students who took the assessment last school year were rated at, above or approaching proficiency.

And with a through-year assessment, Ketcham said educators are now equipped with timely data to get those students on track.

鈥淢ath is probably our next big lift,鈥� he said.

Education leaders caution not to compare ILEARN results to previous years or other states, as the test is unique to Indiana.

鈥淭he only reason we鈥檝e had five consecutive years of movement in IREAD is because of the army of people we鈥檝e built statewide at the community level who are the change agents who are making it happen 鈥� educators, parents and families working together,鈥� Education Secretary Katie Jenner said. 鈥淪o, we believe as this new (ILEARN) baseline is set, we need the same level of army and focus on ELA and math.鈥�

Other results released Tuesday show 52% of Hoosier juniors met college-ready benchmarks for reading and writing on the SAT, while 26% met mathematics benchmarks.

This story was originally published by Indiana Capital Chronicle.

is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Indiana Capital Chronicle maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Niki Kelly for questions: info@indianacapitalchronicle.com.

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It鈥檚 not quite the 鈥淢ississippi Miracle,鈥� but California鈥檚 reading scores have been inching upwards since the state poured billions into changing the way students learn to read. A shortage of literacy coaches, however, may be preventing students from improving even more.

In 2013, before California  in K-12 schools, the state ranked  for fourth grade reading skills on the National Assessment of Educational Progress, known as the Nation鈥檚 Report Card. Only 27% of students scored 鈥減roficient鈥� or 鈥渁dvanced鈥� on the reading test, given every two years to students across the country.

The following year California released a new English language arts framework that encourages schools to focus on phonics, vocabulary and other nuts-and-bolts methods when teaching children to read. Phonics-based instruction won鈥檛  until next year, but most schools have been gradually adopting the method.

Next came new curriculum materials,  and updates to teacher credential programs. The state also expanded  and implemented new guidelines for English learners.

But perhaps the biggest literacy investment came in 2023 with $500 million in grants set aside for schools to hire literacy coaches and take other steps to boost reading skills. The coaches 鈥� typically, former classroom teachers with extra training in reading 鈥� work directly with teachers to help them effectively teach children to read. Last year the state added $215 million, and the most recent budget includes an  for literacy coaches.

Mississippi, whose reading scores went from 49th in the country in 2013 to 9th in 2024, partially credits the turnaround to literacy coaches and other teacher training tactics. Mississippi鈥檚 reading framework is similar to California鈥檚, but Mississippi invested heavily in training teachers to implement it, while California rolled out its training program over several years.

Reading scores inch up

California鈥檚 reading scores have improved gradually 鈥� but significantly 鈥� since 2013. Last year, California ranked  nationwide, with 13 states scoring higher and the rest scoring the same or lower. This happened at the same time that national scores began falling.

On statewide tests, the number of fourth graders reading at grade level jumped from  in 2014 to  last year. Before the pandemic, the percentage was close to 50%, dropped a few points when schools switched to remote learning, but has been inching back up since then.

Fourth grade is a key benchmark for literacy because by fifth grade, students need reading skills sufficient to understand other subjects such as history and science. Students who aren鈥檛 proficient readers by fourth grade are more likely to lag academically in other subjects.  have found that adults with low literacy skills are more likely to be unemployed, incarcerated or face other challenges.

Sarah Novicoff, a researcher at the Public Policy Institute of California, that found that California鈥檚 literacy investments have paid off 鈥� with a caveat.

鈥淭hey鈥檝e absolutely had a positive impact,鈥� Novicoff said. 鈥淏ut we have an opportunity to do an even better job.鈥�

Novicoff found that nearly 60% of school districts used their grant money to hire literacy coaches to work with teachers, reading specialists to work directly with students, or otherwise arranged for teacher training related to literacy.

School districts that made those investments saw significant improvements in reading scores, including among English learners, she found. Results varied by district, but in general students scored 6 points higher on state tests within two years of the investments, she found. She expects the scores to rise further over time.

Some districts struggle to hire literacy coaches

But plenty of school districts hired no literacy coaches. Not because they didn鈥檛 want to, but because there were none to hire. In fact, 42% of districts said they had trouble hiring coaches.

鈥淚鈥檇 love to hire a literacy coach,鈥� said Patricia Gunderson, superintendent of the Lassen County Office of Education. 鈥淚t鈥檚 great the state is offering the money, but we just can鈥檛 do it. We don鈥檛 have the capacity.鈥�

In remote and rural parts of the state, finding literacy coaches has proved to be nearly impossible 鈥� and has hindered improvement, Novicoff found. For example, Lassen County, along the northern Nevada border, can barely find enough credentialed teachers, let alone education professionals with advanced specialty degrees. And even if schools could hire literacy coaches, they couldn鈥檛 find enough substitutes to fill in for teachers undergoing training.

But Lassen has been creative in finding ways to boost literacy. In 2023, for example, it held a weeklong summer training course for teachers, where teachers were paid to learn the new curriculum and the course didn鈥檛 interrupt the school year. Gunderson said it was a big success; state reading test scores jumped more than 7 percentage points, although still lag behind the state average.

In Siskiyou County, along the Oregon border, county superintendent Allan Carver said he welcomes the state鈥檚 investment in literacy coaches, but it鈥檚 created another problem: Teachers are opting to become literacy coaches, possibly because it鈥檚 less stressful or pays a bit more, leaving vacancies in the classroom.

鈥淲e work to solve one issue and further exacerbate the teacher shortage,鈥� Carver said. 鈥淲e have to develop the literacy coach pipeline before we simply allocate funds and expectations for training.鈥�

In Baldwin Park, in the San Gabriel Valley, principal Laura Rodriguez said literacy coaches have been instrumental in turning around her school鈥檚 reading scores. Using state grant money, Tracy Elementary has added a literacy coach who works closely with the school鈥檚 teachers, aides and reading specialist.

The literacy coach, Claudia Barba, holds workshops for teachers and parents, trains the aides, assesses the students, analyzes data, and gives feedback to teachers. She鈥檚 also devised a literacy plan that looks closely at the causes for the low scores and specifically addresses the reasons.

鈥淪he is amazing,鈥� Rodriguez said. 鈥淚鈥檝e seen such a difference since we started this. It has changed our campus.鈥�

Tracy Elementary, a Spanish-English dual immersion school, is mostly low-income. More than 30% of students are English learners. The literacy plan teaches children to read in Spanish first, then English, by focusing on vocabulary and phonics in both languages. By third grade, when the state first tests students鈥� reading skills, students are fairly fluent readers in both languages.

In just two years, after hiring the literacy coach, Tracy鈥檚 reading scores jumped more than 10 percentage points. Even English learners saw their scores significantly increase. Other metrics also improved: Chronic absenteeism dropped from 44% just after the pandemic to 11% last year. Math scores are increasing, too.

鈥淟iteracy is the key to everything. If a child can read, they can access knowledge. They start to enjoy school,鈥� Rodriguez said. 鈥淭hey can get a better education.鈥�

This article was  and was republished under the  license.

Those were dark years before principal Carol Leveilee arrived at the Seaford, Delaware school.

Kids were never greeted by staff when they entered the building. It was a familiar sight to see school aides in the back of classrooms on their cellphones and children fighting or running out of the building. There was no art on the hallway walls, decorated instead with mold and paint that looked like it was original to the school鈥檚 opening in 1922. 

The school felt like a 鈥減rison,鈥� multiple teachers said 鈥� dark, dreary with overwhelming behavior problems amounting to over 300 suspensions in one year. The school was like the district鈥檚 鈥渟tepchild,鈥� veteran staff said 鈥� a school no one wanted to send their kids to, ranked last in test scores; and on the edge of a state takeover 12 years ago.听

鈥淚 really thought about quitting teaching. I didn鈥檛 want to teach anymore because it was that bad here,鈥� said fourth-grade teacher Mike Hurlock. 鈥淚n my second year I was feeling like, 鈥業’m gonna go be a corrections officer because I’m already [one] here.鈥� 鈥�

Hurlock filled out an application for a nearby prison and decided to wait one more year before submitting it. 

His wait paid off. Leveilee arrived in September 2014, bringing with her a dramatic overhaul.

鈥淚t saved my career,鈥� Hurlock said, now a 15-year veteran teacher at the school. 鈥淭here was never a sense of pride 鈥� until Carol got here.鈥�

Armed with more than 30 years of experience, 11 as an elementary teacher and the rest in administration in schools across Charles County, Maryland, Leveilee had been on the brink of retirement before she took the job at Frederick Douglass. 

She felt her work wasn鈥檛 finished.

鈥淚 didn鈥檛 feel like I鈥檇 done enough or helped enough kids yet,鈥� she said. 鈥淚 saw [Frederick Douglass] was high needs and I knew I wanted a challenge. I didn鈥檛 know quite how big of a challenge I was getting myself into 鈥� [but] I just felt like I was meant to be here.鈥�

It may have felt like an overwhelming transition at first, but Leveilee has made all the difference at the school an hour south of Dover, the state capital.

The veteran educator not only saved Hurlock鈥檚 career, but also thousands of kids along the way, providing them a school where they would be educated and emotionally supported.

Now, at 8 a.m. every morning, hundreds of students flood out from a row of yellow school buses. Outside the school鈥檚 front door stand Leveilee and other staff who are swarmed with high-fives, hugs and laughing children racing to get inside.

As the children enter the building, they鈥檙e also greeted with banners recognizing the school as a 2020 National Blue Ribbon School and a 2024 Delaware Department of Education Recognition School alongside blue bulletin boards highlighting kids of character and upcoming birthdays 鈥� all a testament to the school鈥檚 transformation under Leveilee.

Throughout her time at Frederick Douglass, Leveilee has created spaces that are warm and celebrate students.

She got rid of staff that didn鈥檛 see her vision or fully commit to the idea that everything done at the school is what鈥檚 best for kids. And most importantly, she fought for her school, several staff members said, whether it was pushing back against layoffs, advocating for renovations or paying for supplies out of her pocket.

鈥淵ou see Carol and you don’t see her as a fighter. She looks like she’s somebody’s grandmother, just sweet 鈥� but no, she’s a fighter,鈥� Hurlock said. 鈥淪he came in and fought for us, and the difference in the students [and staff dynamics], just in one year, was tremendous.鈥�

Frederick Douglass Elementary School enrolls about 500 students in grades 3-5, a majority of whom are children of color and from low-income backgrounds. Expected to have a reading proficiency of 32.8%, according to a data project focused on Bright Spot schools launched by 社区黑料, it鈥檚 defying the odds at 60.5% and is among Delaware鈥檚 top five exceptional schools. 

For educators who have stuck out the journey, they say the school鈥檚 transformation feels 鈥渦nreal鈥� and 鈥渟omething that you dream of.鈥� They credited Leveilee as the sole factor in the school鈥檚 success, but she argues it was the relationships that were built.

鈥淪ome people say you start with instruction, but in my opinion, in this building, I could have had the best curriculum possible, state-of-the-art smart boards and everything, and we would have been taken over by the state,鈥� Leveilee said, 鈥渂ecause it鈥檚 all about people.鈥�

Soon to be 12 years, the principal鈥檚 commitment to the school continues to pay off in strong staff retention, low disciplinary referrals and growing student achievement.

Cleaning house

When most people hear B.C., they think of dinosaurs or other prehistoric periods, but Jen Covington thinks of it as 鈥淏efore Carol.鈥�  

Covington, a former third and fifth grade teacher who recently became the school鈥檚 special education coordinator, taught at Frederick Douglass Elementary School for 15 years before Leveilee鈥檚 arrival. Off the top of her head, she could rattle off at least six principals and 12 assistant principals that were part of a leadership revolving door.

鈥淚t was pretty much a free-for-all,鈥� Covington said. 鈥淭here weren’t set guidelines. There weren’t expectations. 鈥� Nobody was on the same page.鈥�

Shannon Rolph, another veteran staff member who joined the school in 2004, said Frederick Douglass had hit rock bottom and remained there for several years before Leveilee.

鈥淭here was no consistency. There was no leader,鈥� Rolph said, a former third and fourth grade teacher turned reading coach. 鈥淚t just was not a great place to work. The behaviors were crazy, 鈥� but I lived here in Seaford. My kids went here. I was invested.鈥�

So, when Leveilee came to the lower Delaware city in 2015, it took time to gain trust, both teachers said. 

鈥淔or those of us that had been here, it was like, 鈥極K, here comes another one. How long are they gonna stay? How invested are they gonna be?鈥� 鈥� Covington said.

Just like the teachers at the school, Leveilee had no idea what was in store when she signed her first three-year contract.听

She remembers walking into the school on her first day and no one acknowledged her or offered her the keys to her office. When she toured the campus, she couldn鈥檛 figure out why the hallway was so dark, until a teacher told her they had the custodian take out all the center lights because they didn鈥檛 want people looking at walls full of ripped paper, chipping yellow paint and destroyed cork boards.

Just 32% of third graders were proficient in reading and the school was under 鈥渁 constant magnifying glass鈥� she said with recurring visitors from the state asking questions, doing walkthroughs and scrutinizing student data. 

Like the hallways at the school, it was a dark time for Leveilee.

鈥淚鈥檒l never forget my first year was all defeats,鈥� she said. 鈥淚 got here and I regretted my decision daily. I cried myself to sleep many nights. I worked 16-hour days, seven days a week. 鈥� People didn’t like kids. Kids didn’t want to be here. Parents didn’t like the school.鈥澛�

But, Leveilee knew her students were her saving grace.

鈥淓very single one of those kids needed me,鈥� Leveilee said. 鈥淭hey needed me to hire the best teachers and staff possible. They needed me to wake the para up that was always asleep in the chair. 鈥� Needed me to tell the kindergarten teacher in my first year, 鈥榊ou know teaching isn鈥檛 good for you, you don鈥檛 like our kids鈥� and those hard conversations. Those 383 kids were counting on me and my team.鈥�

Within two months, it was clear to Leveilee it was time to clean house, both among staff and the actual physical space of the school.

She first tasked teachers with cleaning out their rooms, many filled with decades of outdated material.

鈥淲e were like 鈥榃hy does she care about what鈥檚 in our closet? 鈥� Why does she keep telling us to clean out our filing cabinet? 鈥� She鈥檚 lost her mind,鈥� 鈥� Covington said, gritting her teeth with an eye roll before laughing at the memory. 鈥淏ut, what [we later realized is], when your space is organized and clean, you become more effective.鈥�

Leveilee was in and out of classrooms, taking notes on a notepad she still wears around her neck and that staff now jokingly call 鈥渉er brain.鈥� Within three months, seven teachers were put on improvement plans. 

By Christmas, two of those educators had left. In her first three years, about half of the staff followed, Leveilee said.

鈥榃e needed a leader鈥�

When Reesie Jones and Monika Kittell arrived at Frederick Douglass Elementary School a year before Leveilee, they were long-time veteran aides.

But in that year, they learned that students ran the school. The kids’ behaviors were out of control, disrespectful and students didn鈥檛 care about the consequences, they said. Suspension was a normal occurrence, and anytime one of them was called to be a substitute, they鈥檇 ask the other to come for extra support.

鈥淲e needed a leader,鈥� Jones said. 鈥淲e were in desperate need of a leader.鈥�

In Leveilee鈥檚 first year, she bought everyone a copy of The Energy Bus for Schools by Jon Gordon. Weekly, she assigned a chapter to read and led discussions. The book stressed the importance of collaboration and how everyone needed to be heading in the same direction, said Kittell, now a third grade teacher.

鈥淚f you are a Negative Nelly, you need to get off the bus. [Leveilee] would truly say 鈥業f you are not part of this bus, you need to get off because you鈥檒l bring all us down,鈥� 鈥� Kittell said. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 how it all started shifting.鈥�

After 11 years, the veteran educators 鈥� including Jones, Kittell and Rolph 鈥� have kept yellow toy school buses that were gifted after completing the book.

鈥淪ome did not give it a chance. 鈥� It took a few years to get some people out that just weren’t here for the right reasons. Carol wasn’t going anywhere, so either you needed to change or鈥︹�� Rolph said, trailing at the end of her sentence with a laugh.

Changing from reactive to proactive

A handful of other changes occurred simultaneously in Leveilee鈥檚 early years, including a new piloted reading curriculum, aligned with the science of reading, which has stuck around.

The district also reconfigured the school from a K-3 campus to 3-5, which shifted demographics and created more diversity within the city鈥檚 four elementary schools.

Curriculum alignment and reconfiguration in the district were catalysts to some growth, but continuing work on school climate was the biggest challenge 鈥� and game changer. 

Beyond staffing changes, the actual campus needed an overhaul.

鈥淭he decor was probably the same from the time the building was constructed,鈥� Rolph said. 鈥淲e saw other schools and they looked so nice, and it was just like, why didn鈥檛 anyone care to fix our grounds up?鈥�

More than just cleaning closets, Leveilee had the school repainted, cork boards installed to decorate the halls with students鈥� proudest work, new furniture installed, murals painted and fences and landscaping fixed outside.

While it began with small cosmetic changes, Leveilee was also acutely aware of the needs of students.

鈥淲hen I first came here, there were 312 suspensions,鈥� Leveilee said. 鈥淣ot only are [our kids] in high poverty, but they come with huge backpacks filled with trauma. 鈥� We had to do something because sending these kids home was not the answer.鈥�

In Leveilee鈥檚 first few years, she kept a dozen students with her and out of the classroom because of behavioral issues. She would take children into the cafeteria to try and regulate them, which eventually led to the creation of the Reflection Suite and Positive Path.

The Positive Path extends through two hallways, decorated with Legos, velcro tic-tac-toe and coloring paper walls, where kids can get 10-minute passes to go into the hallway and 鈥渞eset.鈥澛�

The Reflection Suite is a series of rooms, some empty to prevent a child from hurting themselves, and others filled with bean bags and motivation quotes on the wall for when students are overwhelmed or need sleep. In the Reflection Suite, students can also meet with counselors.

鈥淧rior to Carol coming in and reworking the whole system, it was very much punishment based,鈥� Covington said. 

But now, the relationship has changed. This year, there have been only three suspensions.

鈥淵ou can tell when their feet hit the pavement 鈥� what kind of morning they had had, what kind of night they had 鈥� if they needed to just go in the Reflection Suite and sleep the first hour because they were up taking care of a one-year-old little brother or sister,鈥� Covington said. 鈥淲e have to take care of all their basic things first before we can ever expect them to learn.鈥�

In addition to having designated spaces to regulate student behavior, there鈥檚 an incentive model, including positive office referrals, character slips that praise a child鈥檚 positive decision-making and other rewards which have changed how kids view school. 

Over time, the changes began to come together.

鈥淥nce the kids started realizing staff checks on them 鈥� whether it’s the reading specialist, whether it’s the nurse, whether it’s the cafeteria 鈥� 鈥� we turned the behaviors from reactive to proactive,鈥� Rolph said. 鈥淭hey just needed to feel that this is a safe place.鈥�

The behavioral improvements led to a 37 percentage point increase in reading scores between 2014-15 and 2018-19.

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, 70% of third graders at Frederick Douglass Elementary School were reading on grade level. 

The school saw a dip after the pandemic, which persists, but reading scores remain higher than the state average, which was . Math scores at Frederick Douglass are also nearly double the state average.

Twelve years later

When Leveilee walks around Frederick Douglass, kids stop her in the hallway for a hug and start telling her about their weekend. When she stands by a classroom door, kids wave. When one student passed on his way to the bathroom, Leveilee knew to ask about the passing of his grandfather and to ask if he was doing OK.

For most students, if you ask about their favorite thing at Frederick Douglass Elementary, they admittedly say recess, but a close second is the staff.

鈥淚 really like the playground and the teachers and the stuff that they do in the school,鈥� said David Impert, a fourth grader. 鈥淚 really love all this.鈥�

Fifth graders said they feel ready and prepared for their next academic journey, but confess it鈥檚 a little scary to be leaving a place that鈥檚 made them feel heard and accepted for who they are.

鈥淚鈥檝e just had a lot of people who understand me. A lot of people, when I tell them I want to be a bug scientist, basically, they鈥檙e like 鈥楨w, what? That鈥檚 weird.鈥� But I come here and they鈥檙e like 鈥榃ow that鈥檚 cool. How can we help you learn more about this?鈥� 鈥� said fifth grader Willow Pinkerton.

Those responses are not something that would鈥檝e been heard 10 years ago, Leveilee said.

Teachers see the difference too, especially with some of the highest-need children.

鈥淚’ve had kids that have been through [the Division of Family Services], and have been [emotionally] withdrawn, but as soon as they’re back [to school], they’re so excited to be here because it’s their safe place,鈥� Hurlock said.

For teachers, they say one of their favorite parts of the job is Leveilee. Several educators said she spoils them, and they can鈥檛 imagine what the school will look like without her one day.

鈥淚 could probably cry,鈥� Covington said. 鈥淭here are many times that she fights for teachers and teachers don’t even know that she’s fighting for them. I truly think that there is never going to be another like her.鈥�

As for Leveilee, finding a new place to call a second home has been one of her favorite parts of the journey. She doesn鈥檛 cry every night anymore, she said, and the challenges were worth it to see the school thrive.

鈥淚’m so glad that I did come, and for the sake of these kids that they’re able to learn and laugh in a much better setting than what they were in,鈥� Leveilee said, 鈥渁nd to me that’s worth all the tears, all the gray hair, all the stress.鈥�

鈥淪mall district. Big impact.鈥� It鈥檚 more than a motto for the curriculum team at , it鈥檚 a daily commitment in action.

In a district where professional connections and a unified vision drive collaboration, that mindset is translating into meaningful gains in early literacy. By prioritizing alignment, consistency, and strong collaboration across schools, Whiteville is proving that size doesn鈥檛 limit success, it can actually accelerate it.

At the center of this work is a committed district literacy team that meets consistently to strengthen communication and alignment across the district.

鈥淚 think a lot of it starts with this team,鈥� said Kazie Martin, an Early Literacy Specialist (ELS). 鈥淲e meet monthly as a district literacy team to make sure that communication is consistent.鈥� In her role, Martin helps bridge state literacy priorities with district implementation, ensuring coherence across all levels of the work.

Scaling what works and aligning systems to support students

For nearly a decade, has implemented in its K-2 classrooms. After seeing strong results, the district expanded the program into third grade this year, following a successful pilot at . The expansion reflects a broader district commitment to building coherence, not only in curriculum, but also in instructional language and expectations.

鈥淚t was important to streamline the language and expectations so teachers and students could experience the same consistency across planning, instruction, and intervention,鈥� said Ashlee White, director of curriculum and instruction.

Looking ahead, district leaders are working to extend that same alignment into intervention supports, including fourth grade students identified under North Carolina鈥檚 Read to Achieve initiative.

鈥淲e鈥檙e using the resources we have that we know work to close gaps with students,鈥� Martin said.

Next year, the district is exploring the adoption of an aligned comprehension program to further strengthen literacy instruction. Plans are underway to incorporate these additional steps into the district Literacy Intervention Plan, ensuring students encounter consistent language and strategies across all levels of support.

The district is also intentionally supporting beginning teachers by connecting their training to classroom practice.

鈥淚t allows for a much clearer understanding of the correlation between the science of reading and instruction we are already doing,鈥� Martin said.

Strengthening MTSS and data use

A major focus this year has been clarifying the district鈥檚 framework.

鈥淲e have helped teachers understand that MTSS is a framework that all students go through to receive additional support,鈥� Martin explained. 鈥淓verything begins with a strong, solid core for all students, followed by research-based interventions.鈥�

Interventions primarily take place within the classroom, supported by teachers, instructional assistants, and interventionists. In some cases, teachers collaborate across classrooms based on student data, creating more intentional connections throughout the school day.

To strengthen this work, the district has refined its data systems.

鈥淲e have adjusted our district framework to include entering the data in to seamlessly monitor each student and drive instruction based on the level of intensity they need,鈥� White said.

A district MTSS team meets every other month to support teachers, while school-based teams meet monthly to review student data and guide instructional decisions.

Creating feedback loops through walkthroughs

Another key strategy has been increasing the frequency of district walkthroughs. Leaders now conduct approximately 15 walkthroughs per month, rotating across schools. These visits serve multiple purposes: monitoring implementation, building relationships, and gathering data to inform professional development.

鈥淚t helps ensure we are implementing with fidelity while also building supportive relationships,鈥� White said. 鈥淪tudents enjoy when others come in, show interest, and ask about what they are doing or what they鈥檝e learned.鈥�

The walkthrough process includes immediate feedback through an automated form, allowing teachers to receive timely, actionable insights.

鈥淚鈥檝e even put a note on a kid鈥檚 desk,鈥� White added.

District leaders analyze walkthrough data to identify trends and inform professional development, professional learning community discussions, and coaching support.

Building ownership and capacity

Whiteville鈥檚 size, often seen as a challenge, has also become a strength. The district benefits from having its ELS work across both schools, creating continuity in implementation. They also have strong pre-K programs in the schools, serving nearly half of incoming kindergarten students, supporting early literacy foundations.

Additionally, many teachers are deeply rooted in the community. 鈥淢ost of the teachers grew up here,鈥� Martin said. Whiteville is building its own educator pipeline.

The district has also made significant progress in data practices. A structured progress monitoring calendar, paired with consistent reminders and ongoing conversations, has led to a fidelity rate above 80%. It has become second nature for teachers as they are making connections and understanding the intentionality and purpose.

Despite the progress, district leaders remain focused on sustaining momentum and deepening understanding. One ongoing priority is building teacher buy-in around instructional shifts.

鈥淲e want all teachers to understand that everyone is a reading teacher,鈥� Martin said.

The district is also working to protect time for collaborative planning during the school day, led by instructional coaches, and continue to refine master schedules to maximize instructional impact. Through intentional alignment, strong communication, and a shared commitment to literacy, the district is demonstrating how focused systems can lead to meaningful gains for students.

This first appeared on and is republished here under a .

High school students are still reading full books in English classes 鈥� but not very many on average. And teachers working in more affluent school systems seem to assign more books than their counterparts in high-poverty communities.

That鈥檚 according to . RAND鈥檚 report found that about 90% of these teachers assign at least one book and nearly 60% assign three or more books throughout the school year. On average, teachers assigned four full books in secondary grades.

But the study also reveals stark inequities about who is reading whole books and how often. Teachers in schools that serve higher populations of students from low-income families and students of color are less likely to assign more than two books for the year than those working in wealthier, whiter schools. Teachers leading classrooms with more students with disabilities or multilingual students were also less likely to assign fewer full books.

The data offers a sharper picture of the reality in English classrooms across the country during . RAND鈥檚 report indicates that reading entire novels might be one of many activities inside schools influenced by socioeconomic circumstances.

In short, what was once a trademark of high school English class 鈥� the novel 鈥� is maybe only playing a supporting role now, said Ashley Woo, a RAND researcher and the report鈥檚 author.

鈥淚t does look like most teachers, most secondary ELA teachers, do assign full books in class,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t seems like a lot of them assign a relatively small number of books.鈥�

Some of the debate around what students read in class has revolved around , in an era when short-form videos and one-sentence captions take up so much attention. There鈥檚 criticism that too many modern reading curricula emphasize reading short passages from novels or short stories. Yet or a prescribed number of books a student should read a year.

The survey, which RAND conducted in 2025, found a possible connection between reading entire books and curriculums. Teachers who reported that they leaned more on publisher-developed curriculums said they taught fewer whole books than teachers who reported they relied more on lessons they developed or that their schools developed.

Woo said this might be because publisher-developed material often includes excerpts instead of full books. But she added that there needs to be more research about the role full books play in curriculums developed by publishing companies.

Other out-of-school factors like poverty might also play a role in how many books teachers assign. Teachers at schools with higher populations of students from low-income families were twice as likely to assign no books than schools with low poverty levels 鈥� 12% compared with 6%, according to the RAND report.

While the report鈥檚 analysis mostly focused on middle and high school data, the survey also included responses from more than 1,900 elementary educators. They reported a vast range in the number of books they assigned.

Nearly 20% of teachers in grades K-2 reported assigning no books, while 50% reported assigning 20 or more books, presumably shorter ones intended for early readers. Among teachers of grades 3-5, 14% reported assigning no books, 22% reported assigning three to four, and 20% reported assigning five to nine. Elementary teachers indicated that reading full books didn鈥檛 鈥渃rowd out鈥� time spent on early literacy skills, the researchers also wrote.

The data suggests 鈥渢here are a lot of teachers who are not prioritizing full book reading in elementary classrooms at all,鈥� Woo said.

Woo said that more research is needed to fully understand how reading full books shapes students in the classroom.

Chalkbeat is a nonprofit news site covering educational change in public schools. This story was originally published by Chalkbeat. Sign up for their newsletters at .

This story originally appeared in , a nonprofit news publication investigating power in New York. .

When Governor Kathy Hochul unveiled her signature literacy legislation in聽2024, she stressed that New York was late to the game 鈥� calling it 鈥渆mbarrassing鈥澛爐hat Connecticut, New Jersey, and other states had already embraced phonics-based instruction. New York schools had fallen behind the national curve, she said, and had been teaching students how to read the wrong way.

A large reason for that, she emphasized, is that under state law, districts choose their own curricula. The Back to Basics law was supposed to fix that problem, by requiring school districts to align instruction with research on how children best learn to read by September 2025.

Specifically, districts had to start teaching using the 鈥渟cience of reading,鈥� a phonics-based approach grounded in the idea that reading isn鈥檛 innate and must be explicitly taught through skills like sounding out words. At the time, it was gaining traction as the policy du jour in literacy instruction as an alternative to 鈥渂alanced literacy,鈥� an approach long embraced by New York districts that teaches children to instead rely on context clues for reading comprehension.

By passing the Back to Basics plan, New York joined聽 and the District of Columbia in a nationwide movement fueled in part by results in Mississippi, where rigorous literacy laws聽 in academic performance over the past 13 years.

But a New York Focus analysis of mandatory school surveys submitted to the state has found that more than 130 school districts are still using 鈥渂alanced literacy鈥� curricula.

Teachers in those districts, primarily in rural and suburban areas, are often required to use reading programs that advocates say contradict the settled body of research around teaching reading. The misaligned curricula could have an especially profound impact on students of color and those from low-income families, who are already more likely to experience reading difficulties, these advocates say.

New York鈥檚 law differs from those of some other states, which require districts to pick from a list of state-approved reading curricula and offer extra funding for districts to purchase them. Others have allocated hundreds of millions of dollars to advance multiyear literacy plans with clear benchmarks.

While New York鈥檚 Back to Basics law required the State Education Department to provide best practices to districts, it entrusts school districts with making the switch and measuring their own compliance 鈥� leaving in place a discretionary system that advocates argue contributed to New York鈥檚 low literacy rates to begin with.

So far, that piecemeal approach has left hundreds of thousands of students learning how to read with widely discredited curricula and instructional materials.

鈥淥ur concern is a lack of urgency,鈥� said聽Jeff Smink, deputy director at the advocacy group EdTrust-New York, which recently published聽 of the survey data submitted to the state in September. 鈥淚f 400,000 kids aren鈥檛 getting evidence-based instruction, that, to us, is a crisis.鈥�

Smink said the law lacks enforcement mechanisms in part because of New York鈥檚 deeply embedded culture as a strong local-control state, where most decisions about public schools are determined by districts, school boards, and even individual campuses. He also said the state teachers union wields significant influence and 鈥渙pposes anything they think threatens teacher autonomy.

The literacy law, which invested $10 million in teacher training and tasked the union with training 20,000 teachers, came under fire after a March聽 revealed that the training program heavily featured the instructional methods that Hochul set out to replace.

The survey data offers an unprecedented statewide look at how schools are teaching elementary school students how to read and write 鈥� and insight into the state鈥檚 progress as it gears up to replicate the same approach with聽.

New York鈥檚 reading scores are average at best.听Thirty-one percent of New York fourth graders were proficient in reading last year,聽according to the National Assessment of Education Progress 鈥� just slightly above the US average and much lower than similar states like Massachusetts and New Jersey. Mississippi, the nation鈥檚 poorest state, also outperformed New York, which spends more money per pupil than any other state.

According to education advocates, the Back to Basics is doing little to make up for lost ground. 鈥淲e are shockingly behind,鈥� said聽Assemblymember Robert Carroll, a leading literacy advocate. 鈥淚f we don鈥檛 do something, we are on the path to be the last in the nation on this.鈥�

In response to a request for comment, a Hochul spokesperson wrote, 鈥淲e anticipate continued progress and are working with SED to ensure that all schools are implementing evidence-based literacy instruction.鈥�

The structure of New York鈥檚 education system means that students in neighboring districts may be learning with vastly different curricula. Until recently,聽Celine Schneider鈥檚 children attended school in Riverhead Central School District, where last year less than a third of third graders were proficient in reading.

On the literacy curricula survey, Riverhead was聽one of 16 districts that reported not aligning with the state鈥檚 best practices in every category of reading instruction, as well as in writing. The district said it uses a mix of curricula, including some aligned with the science of reading alongside balanced literacy programs critics say fail to teach children how to decode words properly.

Riverhead declined an interview request, but provided a statement through a communications firm verifying that its reading curriculum and instruction 鈥渁re aligned with the state鈥檚 core curriculum standards and teaching practices.鈥�

Schneider said that in Riverhead, students were promoted from one grade to another without gaining basic literacy skills. After watching her daughter fall behind, lose confidence, and endure bullying for not knowing how to read, Schneider said she decided to transfer her children to a nearby district with stronger reading intervention, despite the hefty tuitions required to switch districts. (The district, Quogue Union Free School District, said in its survey response that it uses science of reading curricula and aligns with the state鈥檚 best practices, though it did also report using a popular balanced literacy program.)

鈥淚t was either let them continue to fail, or struggle financially to make sure my kids are okay in the long run,鈥� she said.听

Schneider asked Quogue to assess her children鈥檚 reading abilities, and expected mixed results: Her oldest struggled with dyslexia, and she had just learned her other daughter was going to enter second grade as a nonreader. But the other three seemed to be succeeding in school.

Instead, the results were shockingly similar 鈥� all five were at least a grade level behind.

鈥淣ot being able to read destroys a child鈥檚 future,鈥� she said. 鈥淲e are setting our kids up to fail.鈥�

Educators and policymakers have long debated how to best teach students how to read. 鈥淏alanced literacy鈥� dominated US classrooms for much of the past 20 years, but many schools have moved away from it due to mounting evidence that can lead to poor reading outcomes.

The science of reading, on the other hand, represents a vast body of research emphasizing the importance of phonics 鈥� the relationship between letters and sounds 鈥� in teaching children how to read. While the approach has some detractors who say it pushes a 鈥渙ne-size-fits-all鈥� approach that may not work for every child, studies show that instruction based on the science of reading improves reading proficiency, especially for children with dyslexia.

But whether it can underpin an effective education policy depends on how it is implemented, and some worry New York鈥檚 patchwork approach could limit its potential benefits.

In 2024, 46 percent of New York third graders were below basic proficiency in reading.听Those outcomes could have profound implications: Research shows聽children who fail to read proficiently by third grade are four times more likely to drop out of high school.

Mississippi鈥檚 success with the science of reading is hard to ignore. The state was ranked second worst nationwide for fourth-grade reading in 2013 and rose to the top 10 within a decade. Nearby states that followed suit, including Alabama and Louisiana, saw similar gains, a trend referred to as the 鈥淪outhern surge.鈥� Outcomes in other states have been more mixed, fueling debate between critics who see stalled scores as a cause for concern and proponents who argue the reforms need time to take hold.

Under New York鈥檚 Back to Basics plan, all school districts were supposed to confirm in the September survey that they transitioned to the science of reading in their curricula, instruction, and teacher training, and that they鈥檙e following best practices in seven literacy and writing categories. As part of the survey, districts submitted the curricula they use.

Most school districts reported meeting best practices, but the results still show areas of concern, especially in writing, fluency, and vocabulary practices; in each of those areas, over 100 school districts and BOCES 鈥� regional organizations that provide educational resources to districts 鈥� said they were out of alignment. Many also shared plans to improve instruction, including by reviewing curricula, revamping teacher training, and establishing literacy committees to inform programming.

Plattsburgh, Friendship, and Watkins Glen school districts all reported misalignment even though they submitted curricula that align with the science of reading. Superintendents at those school districts said they opted for candor, and that the survey revealed where instruction still needs improvement.

鈥淭here was a relatively large learning curve to get a full staff of teachers up to the expectation of Back to Basics,鈥� said聽Watkins Glen Superintendent Kai D鈥橝lleva.听鈥淏ut there has been tremendous buy-in, and we鈥檙e excited to see the fruits of this labor develop over the next few years.鈥�

Overall, more than 130 of the state鈥檚 713 school districts submitted balanced literacy curricula, with the most popular being Fountas and Pinnell and Lucy Calkins鈥� Units of Study, two of the most controversial programs. Scores of districts also created their own curriculum or reported using other programs that have not been reviewed by EdReports, a nonprofit that states and districts use to review the quality of K-12 instructional materials.

Kat Fratticci, co-founder of the Long Island Literacy Coalition, a community-based advocacy group founded in 2024 to promote the science of reading, said some districts are hesitant to revamp reading instruction because they鈥檝e already invested heavily in their current curriculum, instructional materials, and teacher training.

At the same time, the state law does not have any clear enforcement mechanism built in to account for these variations. And the survey results don鈥檛 capture the full picture. Districts have to fill out the attestation survey annually, but they鈥檙e not required to submit proof that their curricula are aligned, and the state doesn鈥檛 provide guidance on what programs districts should steer clear of. Dozens of districts reported using balanced literacy programs despite confirming their alignment with all best practices.

The state shouldn鈥檛 tell school districts exactly what to purchase and teach, said聽Tarja Parssinen, founder of the Western NY Education Alliance,聽but 鈥渢here has to be some guidance, some support, and some recommendations about what to stay away from.鈥�

Balanced literacy curricula can mask dyslexia and other learning delays, research shows, because they often encourage students to guess words based on pictures or context clues rather than decode letters and sounds. In Schneider鈥檚 case, she said she thought her children were reading at the appropriate level because they would read aloud at home 鈥� until she noticed they were just reciting passages they had memorized in class.

Other Riverhead parents told New York Focus how their children who struggled to read were pushed along without proper intervention. One mother, who asked to remain anonymous due to potential litigation, said her son was reading at a kindergarten level in fourth grade before he started receiving one-on-one reading intervention.

鈥淭here鈥檚 a mantra in New York state: Just wait and see, wait and see if they grow out of it,鈥� said聽Yolanda Thompson, special education advocate and three-time Riverhead school board candidate. 鈥淭here needs to be a huge cultural mindset shift. We can鈥檛 fix something we don鈥檛 understand.鈥�

The students most harmed when districts don鈥檛 use best practices are often students of color, those from low-income families, and multilingual learners, said Fratticci. 鈥淭hey don鈥檛 necessarily have that safety net of private tutoring or reading specialists outside of school, so when the classroom fails them, there鈥檚 no backup.鈥�

That鈥檚 true in Riverhead, said Thompson. A majority of students there are from low-income families and around聽40 percent are English language learners.

In the survey, Riverhead wrote that many of its teachers are new to the profession and work with high-needs students, and that financial constraints limit access to instructional resources. The district added that it hired three literacy coaches to lead professional development and support implementation of the science of reading, and is evaluating the need to purchase new instructional materials to teach phonics.

Education Department spokesperson Karen Male said in a statement that the agency plans to reach out to noncompliant districts to provide free instructional resources, explore professional development with colleges and universities, and work with districts to identify other needs. The agency did specify when districts must achieve full compliance.

Without holding districts accountable, Assemblymember Carroll said, New York will continue to lose the race to literacy.

In 2023, Carroll introduced a bill called the Right to Read Act, which would require all elementary school teachers to be trained in the science of reading, provide grants to districts to hire literacy coaches, and mandate school districts to choose from a list of approved, evidence-based curricula. The legislation is currently awaiting action in the education committee, but Carroll said he鈥檚 optimistic it will advance this year, citing recent conversations with colleagues and the governor about the need to improve New York schools to keep residents from leaving the state.

鈥淩ight now, in New York, you have to be lucky to learn how to read 鈥� and that is unjustified and unconscionable,鈥� Carroll said. 鈥淲e know how to fix this, and I know the governor wants to fix this. But we all need to work together because this is going to take the effort of the legislature and the governor working together to get this done.鈥�

Carroll鈥檚 bill has the support of EdTrust, which is also calling for school districts to submit literacy plans with evidence of implementation and notify parents if they are using non-evidence-based curricula. In addition, the organization wants to see the state invest聽$15 million so that districts can purchase science of reading curricula, and mandatory universal screening in grades K-3.

鈥淲e have to catch up with the rest of the nation,鈥� Smink said. 鈥淔or the amount of money we spend and for how important learning to read is, we deserve policies like every other state.鈥�

LINCOLN 鈥斅燗s the Nebraska Legislature considers whether to mandate increased support for struggling young readers, a Lincoln mother urges officials to act as she continues a years-long push for literacy and dyslexia awareness.

Heather Schmidt of Lincoln said she is 鈥渃autiously optimistic鈥� about the to . If passed, the State Board of Education would craft a model policy around reading interventions, dyslexia screening and standards on when to recommend holding students back for persistent reading deficiencies by the end of third grade.

The model would need to include and flexibility so local schools, by July 1, 2028, could adopt or update their policies and implement the changes 鈥渨ithin existing resources.鈥�

鈥淲e鈥檙e making progress, I think. Slowly. Not quick enough to make a difference in generations of children at this point,鈥� said Schmidt, whose oldest daughter, Norah, 19, has dyslexia.

Schmidt was among a few individuals to speak during a public hearing in support LB 1050, a priority of Nebraska Gov. Jim Pillen. She offered her own framework around dyslexia screening and help designed to support students with dyslexia and not make the expectations 鈥渟quishy anymore.鈥�

鈥淚 suppose in 2018, we kind of thought, 鈥榊ay, now we鈥檙e going to do dyslexia, and these kids aren鈥檛 going to be invisible anymore,鈥欌�� Schmidt said. 鈥淲e haven鈥檛 seen that materialize.鈥�

Norah Schmidt, now a college freshman, told the Examiner this month that she doesn鈥檛 think kids should be held back but should be given the help they need to learn to read. Then, retention would not be a worry.

鈥淜ids who need extra help with education should be given that because that鈥檚 the main job of educators,鈥� Norah Schmidt said. 鈥淜ids should have the education they need to succeed.鈥�

Adding nuance

The Legislature took a major step in 2018 with the passage of the 鈥�,鈥� led by former State Sens. Lou Ann Linehan of the Elkhorn area and Patty Pansing Brooks of Lincoln. The 2018 law set up a process where K-3 students are assessed three times a year and, if struggling in reading, are put on a formal 鈥渞eading improvement plan.鈥�

The bipartisan legislative duo toured schools in fall 2017 and later passed frameworks to and . Kindergartners in fall 2017 will head to high school this fall.

Lawmakers for years, including Linehan and former State Sen. Justin Wayne of Omaha, have urged the Legislature to act because kids can鈥檛 simply wait for legislative action.

LB 1050 entered the picture this year with support from U.S. Secretary of Education Linda McMahon, who is visiting Nebraska on Thursday. The original bill would have mandated that students not able to read by the end of third grade be held back automatically.

Linehan had proposed similar legislation during her freshman year in 2017. She later proposed allowing parents to move their child to fourth grade if they choose. Lawmakers for a similar parental opt-out during this year鈥檚 first-round debate on March 26. The bill , and it returns for the second of three rounds of debate Wednesday. It needs 25 votes.

Some lawmakers opposing the bill worried it added bureaucracy, would be punitive or would pass on unfunded costs to schools, which they argued might increase property taxes to cover implementation costs.

State Sen. Jana Hughes of Seward, vice chair of the Education Committee and a former school board member, is leading the amendment being considered Wednesday, which would hand the development of reading intervention requirements to the Nebraska Department of Education and local school boards, rather than the Legislature.

鈥淰ery few policies are so easy or black and white that it fits a school of [Omaha Public Schools] size down to McPherson size,鈥� Hughes said.

Nebraska public schools span the range in from roughly 52,000 students in OPS to about 50 students in McPherson County Schools.

鈥楽houldn鈥檛 be new or scary鈥�

However, advocacy organizations representing administrators, school boards and teachers remain opposed, Hughes and others said.

鈥淭he Hughes amendment is far better, but our preference is for this bill to die on select file,鈥� said Nebraska State Education Association President Tim Royers. 鈥淭he governor鈥檚 planned event tomorrow with Secretary McMahon is clear evidence that this is all driven by his desire to score political points, not what鈥檚 best for kids.鈥�

Linehan and State Sen. Danielle Conrad of Lincoln, an Education Committee member, told the Nebraska Examiner this week that many current complaints about LB 1050 are about what鈥檚 already required in law, including targeted supports and the thrice-yearly reading assessments. The mandatory retention, which Conrad described as 鈥渧ery misguided,鈥� has been removed.

鈥淭his shouldn鈥檛 be new or different or scary,鈥� Conrad said, noting that schools already have policies on literacy and grade retention. 鈥淚鈥檓 not quite sure why there鈥檚 still so much opposition.鈥�

Conrad said the Education Committee鈥檚 work to add a parental override and more flexibility for English language learners and students receiving accommodations was a 鈥渇ar better iteration.鈥� For some, retention might be best, she said, but it can鈥檛 be 鈥渙ne size fits all鈥� or exclude parents.

Parents already have the option to hold their child back in grades K-3 for academic reasons under a 2024 law that Conrad led.

鈥楳ore bureaucracy鈥�

State Board of Education Vice President Liz Renner of Omaha said she worries that in some states with a parental exemption, such as Michigan, the system turned into a 鈥渉aves and have-nots,鈥� where families with resources could appeal and others were held back.

鈥淚 feel like a law is not quite flexible enough for the situation, because I just think there鈥檚 a lot of gray area for families and for students and for schools,鈥� Renner said. 鈥淚 definitely think it鈥檚 a great idea for it to come to the Board of Ed.鈥�

But Renner remains opposed to LB 1050 and doesn鈥檛 understand why it would need to be put into law, especially without more state funding to help local schools implement the policies.

鈥淚 just don鈥檛 think it adds anything to the statewide goal of improving literacy, other than more bureaucracy,鈥� Renner said.

The State Board officially took no position on the original LB 1050 after a motion to oppose it split 4-4 in early March.

A model policy?

State Board of Education President Elizabeth Tegtmeier of North Platte and fellow board member Lisa Schonhoff of Bennington also voiced hesitation on the model policy component, but not on the goal LB 1050 seeks to achieve.

Schonhoff . She described it as the 鈥渁ccountability piece that we鈥檙e lacking.鈥� She is a 鈥渓ittle bit leery鈥� of the model policy, because she doesn鈥檛 know what it would look like, though she loves the deference to local control. At the same time, she noted that reading and test scores over the past decade have declined, with local control.

鈥淎t some point, we have to say, 鈥楬ey, something鈥檚 not working with local control,鈥欌�� Schonhoff said. 鈥淲e鈥檝e got to figure that out because kids are going to be suffering, and it just keeps getting worse.鈥�

She said she reached out to Mississippi and Louisiana education teams on how they improved reading proficiency, finding that many states have a retention policy. She, Linehan and multiple lawmakers have said the point isn鈥檛 punishment but providing targeted, strategic supports.

Tegtmeier said she was surprised no one from the Education Committee or Pillen鈥檚 team had reached out before LB 1050 was introduced, being 鈥渃onsequential legislation.鈥� She sees arguments on both sides but said the point is telling schools they 鈥渁bsolutely must do everything within their power to help children learn to read.鈥�

Providing a parental override is important, Tegtmeier said, but her concern with the model policy is that schools already have the power to act.

鈥淚鈥檓 just not sure I see the value in more legislation that doesn鈥檛 have any teeth,鈥� Tegtmeier said.

鈥楳ore harm than good鈥�

State Sens. Ashlei Spivey and Margo Juarez, both of Omaha, had urged the Legislature to slow down and that the legislation was moving too fast.

Spivey, a member of the Appropriations Committee, proposed having the Legislature spend $15 million each year to implement the law. The state doesn鈥檛 have such room in its budget, and the Nebraska Department of Education has received an over a few years, specifically earmarked for reading from state, federal and private sources.

State Sen. Jane Raybould of Lincoln, who succeeded Pansing Brooks, has filed a motion to kill the bill. She said she is getting 鈥渂ombarded鈥� with messages from educators, schools and lobbyists for schools that LB 1050 is still a 鈥渂ad bill.鈥� She said Lincoln Public Schools has estimated a $4.2 million annual cost, which wouldn鈥檛 be covered by the state.

鈥淚t needs to put a pause in it to go back to committee and deal with a lot of the issues that they keep bringing up,鈥� Raybould said Wednesday. She said educators have told her retention would 鈥渄o more harm than good, particularly to children of color.鈥�

Linehan said if it costs so much, she questioned what schools and others have truly done in the past 10 years to help struggling readers.

Schmidt said the arguments of being 鈥渢oo fast鈥� leave her with 鈥渟heer frustration鈥� and a sense of 鈥渟tarting over again.鈥� It has largely been freshmen senators questioning the legislation.

鈥淭hat was stunning and just sort of makes somebody almost feel like what鈥檚 the point of continuing to try and change things?鈥� Schmidt said.

Schmidt described some deja vu and a feeling of 鈥渟tarting over again鈥� like in 2017 and 2018, when some lawmakers then said the Linehan-Pansing Brooks efforts would be 鈥渞epetitive鈥� and weren鈥檛 needed.

Schmidt said lawmakers should keep personal stories in mind and know that for everyone who speaks, there are hundreds more. She said lawmakers need to understand legislative history.

Making a change

State Sen. Dave Murman of Glenvil, who is leading LB 1050 as Education Committee chair, said he is good with Hughes鈥� amendment because it includes three parts: the parental override to retention, reporting requirements and early parental involvement, as early as kindergarten.

鈥淚 kind of look at it as a participation trophy, not that it鈥檚 necessarily a trophy to move on, but there has to be accountability,鈥� Murman said.

He and Schnoff said change is needed in part as have declined over the past decade. Linehan said officials don鈥檛 want to continue the 鈥渄ownward spiral.鈥�

鈥淲e cannot keep doing what we have been doing and expect different results,鈥� Murman said.

鈥榃e can鈥檛 compete with the experts鈥�

Murman noted term limits in the Legislature 鈥� restricting senators to up to two four-year terms 鈥� have also complicated the legislative process, giving increased strength to legislative staff and lobbyists compared to lawmakers. This includes efforts to address education and literacy.

Conrad, Linehan and Schmidt separately acknowledged the imbalance between a mother such as Schmidt and lobbyists. Conrad and Linehan said it might take a while before policymakers begin questioning what they鈥檙e told, with Conrad noting there鈥檚 a level of trust with local schools.

鈥淣o, we can鈥檛 compete with the experts. We don鈥檛 have the access. We don鈥檛 have the money. We don鈥檛 have the numbers,鈥� Schmidt said. 鈥淏ut our stories and our voices should be more important than that.鈥�

Linehan, no stranger to fights with school officials, said it might take three years to figure out that what a senator is being told by education leaders might not be reality.

鈥淭hen you fight them, and then you鈥檙e gone,鈥� Linehan said.

Conrad鈥檚 first legislative election in 2006 was the first time term limits began booting senators. She said it鈥檚 harder to get up to speed on complex issues and natural for new policymakers to defer to school officials, including local ones.

She said it takes a while to build independence and balance goals to support public schools while also being unafraid to hold them accountable.

鈥淚 think, unfortunately, school officials have taken advantage of that lack of strength and institutional knowledge in the Legislature and have resisted accountability,鈥� Conrad said, who returned to the Legislature after being term-limited.

Pansing Brooks is running to return to the Legislature, which would make her the second woman to return after sitting out due to term limits, after Conrad. Linehan said she鈥檚 happy about that potential.

鈥淭he only way we can hold the schools accountable to what we do, obviously, is by being there longer,鈥� Linehan said. 鈥淚 feel once Patty comes back, there鈥檒l be a reckoning, because that is really a nonpartisan issue.鈥�

The Legislature last year advanced a constitutional amendment to . Voters will weigh in on that amendment this fall.

鈥楢 shining star鈥�

Of Schmidt鈥檚 advocacy, Conrad and Linehan praised her work in helping the Legislature, especially in the era of term limits.

鈥淪he鈥檚 just a shining star when it comes to what it means to be an engaged and responsible citizen,鈥� said Conrad, now in her 12th year as a lawmaker. She is unopposed for reelection.

Linehan, who was term-limited after 2024, described Schmidt as a dedicated mom who fought to make things work for her kids. She said those advocates are important, who know the facts and background, while lobbyists organize on the other side.

鈥淚 wasn鈥檛 paying that much attention until Heather called me,鈥� Linehan said, adding later: 鈥淪he just keeps coming back. She鈥檚 just incredible.鈥�

The vigilance has also helped Linehan put in place in 2023. Schmidt, Linehan and Pansing Brooks all returned this February to fight to preserve those, and . The reporting is meant to add more accountability to the 2018 law. The group successfully fended off changes each time.

Of why she continues showing up, Schmidt said she looks at her girls and wonders, 鈥淲hat if?鈥�

鈥淲hen I think of what could have been, it鈥檚 heartbreaking,鈥� Schmidt said. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 want other kids and families to have to worry about that.鈥�

Conrad said she can鈥檛 describe how intimidating or scary it can be for Nebraskans to engage with the Legislature and lawmaking process, but she said when people do 鈥斅燼s Schmidt has 鈥斅爄t makes public policy 鈥渞icher鈥� and 鈥渕ore responsive.鈥�

鈥淚 am grateful for her incredible work and impressed by her vigilance,鈥� Conrad said of Schmidt. 鈥淗er personal sacrifice in stepping forward and into advocacy has made the state a better place and should inspire others.鈥�

is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Nebraska Examiner maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Aaron Sanderford for questions: info@nebraskaexaminer.com.

It started 12 years ago when Emily Angiletta, Stephanie Timek and Emily Silluzio were first time teachers at the Meriden, Connecticut school, staying late to plan lessons 鈥� long after the custodians shuttered the building. 

The teachers were hired under the leadership of a new principal with a new vision of what student success would look like in a low-income school. The three educators were in their 20s, fresh out of college and trying to figure out what it meant to be effective in the classroom.

More than a decade later, their friendship is like a sisterhood or a sports team: They call each other only by their last names and can practically finish each other’s sentences with a smirk and a head nod that says 鈥測eah, that鈥檚 what I was going to say.鈥� 

Together, they鈥檝e experienced getting married, losing a parent and having children. They have  also lived through the highs and lows of the classroom 鈥� some years 鈥渟oaring through expectations鈥� and others questioning if their teaching had worsened. 

鈥淲e were all learning together, struggling together, learning from our mistakes, growing together,鈥� Silluzio said, 鈥渁nd I think that’s a huge part of what led to our unity. We were in the same boat.鈥�

The Barry teachers鈥� close relationships show not only what a culture shift in one school has done for staff, but also students. The friendship and strong working collaboration are the results of a bold plan set in motion by their former principal Dan Crispino, who helped transform the school from 5% proficiency to a in 2019. 

Now, Crispino has been tasked with scaling Barry鈥檚 academic success across the district. 

The Meriden school district, in many ways, is similar to Angilleta, Timek and Silluzio 鈥� learning, struggling and growing together. 

An almost decade-long overhaul of the district has been a systematic transformation 鈥� rooted in consistency across classrooms and campuses, accountability, hands-on oversight, relationship and trust.

It鈥檚 about finding ways to put their students 鈥渋n a position to do things that people don’t believe are possible,鈥� said Crispino, now the district鈥檚 director of school leadership. 鈥淭heir backgrounds 鈥� all these things 鈥� are tough and you can鈥檛 control everything. But, what you can control is when they鈥檙e ours and that we鈥檙e giving them every single freaking thing possible to help them be successful and to get ahead of whatever challenges.鈥�

While there鈥檚 often an expectation that students in urban districts won鈥檛 perform well because of , which affect school funding levels and supporting high student needs, Meriden is Connecticut鈥檚 and is beating the odds in how successful it’s been at teaching kids to read.

Despite being made up of nearly 鈥� more than three quarters of whom are from low-income families 鈥�  kids in seven of the district鈥檚 eight elementary schools are reading at higher levels than expected, according to a data project focused on Bright Spot schools launched by 社区黑料.

The data analysis highlighted schools that were among the top 5% of their state in outscoring their expected reading proficiency based on the percentage of children who qualified for free or reduced priced lunch. 

Connecticut was home to 25 exceptional schools. And of the state鈥檚 top five Bright Spot schools 鈥� three were in Meriden, including its highest need campus, Pulaski Elementary School, which has a poverty rate of 87.7% and expected just 16.4% of students reading on grade level but instead had nearly 54%.

In the last seven years, the school system has reworked its master schedule and implemented a rigorously supervised accountability model from district and school leaders who are in classrooms daily. Staff across the district have meticulously tracked student progress and have improved collaboration to make data more accessible among one another. 

The district has also incorporated instructional coaches, who are assigned by grade and travel between campuses. Their role, beyond meeting with educators several times a week, is bearing the weight of lesson planning every unit by outlining curriculum and other resources. 

The initiatives are part of an underlying mission: Alignment. 

No matter the school building or the classroom, all third grade classes across the district are learning the same material on the same schedule 鈥� even if it looks a little different teacher by teacher. They鈥檙e meeting with the same coaches and district leadership. 

System alignment through relationship building

Whether it鈥檚 children who have lost a parent, are experiencing homelessness, learning English or have a disability, Meriden staff have successfully worked with many such students 鈥� including Enzo, a third grade student at Pulaski Elementary School.

He doesn鈥檛 know what he wants to be once he gets older, but he knows he enjoys math and science. Enzo knows all about the Fibonacci Sequence, he said, explaining how 鈥渙ne plus one is two, and two plus one is three, and three plus two is five, and five plus three is eight,鈥� going all the way up to 13 plus eight.

He admitted he thought reading was boring, but he couldn鈥檛 sit still when he talked about a book he鈥檚 reading at home.

鈥淚t’s called 鈥榃hat Cats Want,鈥欌�� said Enzo, 8. 鈥淚’m on page 102.鈥�

He鈥檚 more than halfway through the book and he likes to read 鈥渢wo or four鈥� pages before he goes to sleep. His favorite tidbit of information from the book is to be careful when you let your cat outside.

鈥淣umber one, they can get run over. Number two, they can get lost. And number three, a stranger cat can attack them,鈥� Enzo said, holding up three green marker stained fingers. But, 鈥淚 remember [everything] from page one.鈥�

Earlier this school year, Enzo lost his father. But through services at his school, including an individualized schedule that allows him to work for 30 minutes, then take a two minute break, he鈥檚 been able to stay on track in the classroom.

But before a student like Enzo can be successful, the needs of educators must be met.

Before taking on his central office job in 2020, Crispino spent more than 20 years as a first grade teacher and as a principal at Barry for a handful of years. When he began working as a district administrator, and was asked to mirror his success at Barry across campuses, union relationships were among his top priorities.

鈥淚 would never ask anyone to do anything that I wouldn’t do or have done myself,鈥� Crispino said. 鈥淵ou don’t want surprises. They’re your human resource. They’re delivering what you’re trying to put forth. If you don’t have their support, then it’s never gonna work.鈥�

Time and expectations were the biggest concerns from educators, both in Meriden and across the country, with surveys showing staff often feel like they鈥檙e in a school day.

Step one, in Meriden, was overhauling its master schedule, which originally 鈥渨as not, physically, mathematically, possible,鈥� Crispino said. Teachers were being asked to start reading at 12:30, the same time recess was supposed to end, so everyone鈥檚 transitional time looked different and there was no uniformity when students were actually supposed to be back in the classroom and at work. 

鈥淭hat had to go away,鈥� Crispino said. 

Though it seemed simple, just taking the first step in building in five minute transitions made the schedule 鈥渧iable, conducive and real,鈥� Crispino said, which helped align schools and teachers on expectations. They also built in a reteach day at the end of every unit for concepts that had students struggling.

Next was making oversight a norm. 

Crispino and his building principals spend most of their time in classrooms, at least four times a day. It began as a practice that at first 鈥渨asn鈥檛 pretty,鈥� Crispino said, with many complaints from union leaders who said administrators spent too much time in the classroom, but has since shifted to educators stopping them when they walk by to see if they want to check their recent data collection.

鈥淲e鈥檙e not there to get you, there鈥檚 a difference,鈥� Crispino said. 鈥淔or support and accountability, we鈥檙e going to be there.鈥�

Coaches that changed, and streamlined, the game

With administrators who better understand what鈥檚 going on in the classroom, it means resources can be allocated better. In Meriden, Crispino has spearheaded bringing in instructional coaches who are assigned by grade levels and rotate among campuses.

鈥淲hen I was a first year teacher, 鈥� I had to go home and write all my little lessons. I had no one to help me. I was on my own. Your admin would come in doing observations and you鈥檇 either have it or you don’t,鈥� Crispino said, 鈥渁nd that’s different now.鈥�

Veronica Germe recalled being a teacher in the state capital鈥檚 public school system. In Hartford, a district home to more than 15,000 students, she remembered how she only saw her principal in her kindergarten classroom once during the entire school year and how 鈥渧isibility is the biggest difference鈥� between the two districts.

Germe, now a K-3 grade English language arts and math coach in Meriden, is part of a team of about a dozen other elementary instructional coaches who are responsible for supporting both new and veteran teachers by managing lesson planning and acting as a resource for implementation.

鈥淲e鈥檝e almost become a catch all in the district for all the questions K-5,鈥� she said. 

In many districts, instructional coaches may be brushed off by educators, but in Meriden, the group has worked hard to develop a relationship where they鈥檙e 鈥渁lmost like a teammate,鈥� Germe said. 鈥淲e鈥檙e not evaluating them. We鈥檙e there in it with them. We鈥檙e helping and we want to get to know the students too. 鈥� Their scores are our scores.鈥�

The coaches organize curriculum into bite-sized emails that are delivered before a unit. The emails give an overview of the lessons for that unit, with breakdowns of assessments, test questions to pay attention to, review slides, videos and pacing guides. The emails also explicitly outline state standards, which allows teachers to better target their instruction.

They meet with teachers every week for at least one planning session for upcoming lessons, and observe and offer advice during classroom time. The group of coaches are also able to provide pacing calendars and resources to help teachers differentiate instruction based on class needs.

Last year, Connecticut implemented a that limited the curricula elementary schools could use to teach reading. When the district fully shifted its K-3 curriculum, it was painless 鈥� 鈥減henomenal鈥漞ven 鈥� Crispino said, thanks to a rollout supported by union leaders and the instructional coaches that gave educators 鈥渆verything they would need.鈥�

Despite budget constraints, the district has committed to leaving their elementary instructional coaches untouched, and funded by Title I, a federal grant for schools with high-concentrations of low-income students.

Investing in these coaches for early grades gives all teachers and children 鈥渆qual footing,鈥� Crispino said, where everyone gets the same emails and meetings, then gets to decide what they鈥檙e doing with the resources. 

In mid-March, if you walked into Meriden鈥檚 Pulaski, Nathan Hale, or Thomas Hooker elementary schools during its rotational reading blocks, you would鈥檝e seen almost the same snapshot in the three campuses.

While teachers have autonomy on the use of laptops, printed worksheets or using dry erase boards, the 60-minute period across a dozen classrooms generally looked the same.

During the reading rotation block, a small group of students, usually six or less, would be sitting in one corner of the room working on answering questions about a text with their teacher. In another corner, you鈥檇 see a paraeducator, tutor or reading coach with another small group.

Scattered across the classroom, students would be working alone with a loose leaf piece of paper, called 鈥渆vidence paper鈥� and taking notes and analyzing stories about komodragons, the galaxy or Harriet Tubman. Pairs also worked on poster boards or white boards figuring out vocabulary, grammar, main ideas or comparing and contrasting two texts.

After 20 minutes, it was time to rotate, and every student knew what to do without being asked twice.

The scenes were a direct mirror of how everyone鈥檚 鈥渟peaking the same language,鈥� as Crispino would say, in every elementary building across the district. 

鈥淭he coaching, the admin, the feedback, the curriculum that’s easily accessible, these emails, 鈥� eliminated a lot of excuses, and when we did that, we created this high standard of excellence,鈥� Crispino said. The alignment 鈥渂uilt independence. It built accountability. It built engagement. It built a vibrant learning environment.鈥�

Innovation and scalability

Last year, Angilleta, Timek and Silluzio came into a meeting with administrators rehearsed and prepared to propose a departmentalized approach to third grade, where every student would rotate among the three educators for different subjects, similar to a middle and high school model. 

The presentation wasn鈥檛 even needed, Crispino and the school鈥檚 principal Kimberly Goldbach said, laughing. It was an automatic yes.

鈥淧art of me was like 鈥榊ou’d be an idiot to change what’s working,鈥� but then I said, 鈥榊ou’d be an idiot to not be innovative and creative enough to know when there’s a time to think outside the box,鈥欌�� Crispino said. 

It鈥檚 paying off. Their third grade class 鈥渉ad the highest scores they ever had,鈥� Crispino said. 鈥淚 think our scores are going to get even better because we’re being creative and innovative at the elementary level with departmentalizing.鈥�

Beyond the academic piece, Timek also said she鈥檚 hopeful the approach will give children, particularly those with high-needs, more resources.

鈥淚t gives these kids another chance to have a teacher that they’re not stuck with all day long. You might have a closer relationship with one kid versus the other, but the other kid can go to another class and be closer with that teacher,鈥� she said. 鈥淭hey have more adults in their corner that they trust and they know that’s providing them a good education and that they can go to if they have a problem.鈥�

The district is working to add nearly two dozen more educators into the departmentalized approach.

When asked about the scalability of Meriden鈥檚 success in other schools across the state and country, Crispino, the district superintendent Mark Benigni and various principals said it was possible, but with a few caveats.

鈥淐an districts have a schedule like we do? Yes, but you have to make sure you’re consistent with it. Can you have instructional coaches do the work we’re doing? Yes. Should admin be in rooms? Yes. Should the central office support and understand the work happening in the trenches? Yes,鈥� Crispino said. 鈥淵ou have to push [your staff and kids] to an uncomfortable place, 鈥� to challenge each other, have professional dialog and have high expectations, but then give them the resources to be successful.鈥�

The 鈥溾�� report, conducted by nonprofit research organization SRI, examined literacy instruction in districts in Texas, Maryland, North Carolina and Virginia that have been using materials rooted in the popular phonics-based literacy approach for at least five years. 

Through numerous classroom observations, teacher surveys and interviews with district officials in Aldine Independent School District, Baltimore City Public Schools, Guilford County Schools and Richmond Public Schools, researchers found a majority of reading lessons lacked 鈥渄epth鈥� 鈥� meaning foundational skills were mainly limited to working on single words rather than reading them in sentences. 

Comprehension lessons in later elementary grades also mainly focused on completing a task, such as identifying a main character, rather than using a text for discussion and understanding its purpose.

鈥淵ou’re not able to really think about the unpacking of a complicated sentence. You’re not thinking about really intentional vocabulary instruction or the building of kids鈥� word knowledge over time,鈥� said Dan Reynolds, one of the lead authors of the report. 鈥淯ltimately, how should we be framing kids to read? Are we teaching our K-4 kids that reading is just tasks? Are we teaching them that they just need to label stuff and fill out graphic organizers?鈥�

In recent years, has passed science of reading laws, including many that have limited the type of programming and instructional materials a school can use 鈥� a move that has drawn that it鈥檚 too restrictive and that the instruction faces its own limitations.

The report defined surface literacy skills as a student鈥檚 ability to complete tasks and understand texts based on their literal meeting while robust instruction would further push a child to understand, evaluate and synthesize what they had read for its significance. 

The study said its 鈥渃omprehension observations alone are more rigorous than nearly all studies conducted in the last 50 years.鈥� It鈥檚 not expected to be representative of reading instruction across the country, Reynolds said, but 鈥渨e have four big districts in four different states, and we saw this pattern happening in all four of them with three different curricula.鈥�

The study also found that teachers struggled with implementing comprehension-focused learning materials and said many times the curriculum was too dense, required substantial planning or may not have been developmentally appropriate. Professional development opportunities for these educators were also limited.

Researchers reported less than a quarter of observed comprehension lessons were engaging in robust learning. More than two-thirds of the lessons focused on 鈥渟urface-level鈥� comprehension. 

鈥淚t seems that these curriculums are designed to build knowledge and they don’t develop meaning, and so then why read about the Civil War or about insects?鈥� said Katrina Woodworth, director at SRI鈥檚 Center for Education Research & Improvement. 鈥淭he point is to both teach reading and to build students’ knowledge base so that they have more scaffolding for future learning of both content and meaning.鈥� 

The SRI researchers also found that many review tools that measure comprehension don鈥檛 make a distinction between surface-level and robust instruction and skills. So, while educators are tasked with meeting a baseline standard, like having a child compare and contrast a text, it may be 鈥渦nintentionally encouraging teachers to focus on surface-level goals,鈥� the report said.

Without distinction, it weakens instruction for students and can later manifest as a skills disadvantage, Reynolds said.

鈥淒istricts had done so much to get the kids all the way there [with literacy], but it was losing voltage in the end,鈥� Reynolds said. 鈥淚f we can actually shift the way that districts are thinking about improving their comprehension instruction, they can take that all the way home and deliver really high quality comprehension instruction because so many pieces are already in place.鈥�

Reynolds and one of his fellow co-authors, Sara Rutherford-Quach, said they saw glimpses of 鈥渕agic鈥� in the classroom when students understood a passage in wide-ranging contexts, which is the type of instruction they鈥檙e hoping to see districts incorporate more of in early grades.

鈥淭he kids were way more engaged,鈥� Rutherford-Quach said. 鈥淪urface-level is important and necessary in some cases, 鈥β燽ut it really is fundamentally different when you start talking about meaning and making it matter to the kids, and you see that they’re invested in it.鈥�

Reynolds added that it鈥檚 unlikely robust comprehension could make up 100% of lessons in the classroom, but 鈥渨e are thinking that if we can shift that needle from 24% robust lessons up to 50 or 60, then that would be a real catalyst for comprehension growth.鈥�

The report recommended district leaders create 鈥渁 shared vision for robust comprehension and define what it means for students, teachers, schools and the district,鈥� and align how to best measure the extent of learning. It also called for better professional learning structures that could help model and rehearse robust comprehension work. 

Previous reporting from 社区黑料 found the percentage of recent high school graduates who lack 鈥渞obust鈥� comprehension skills is the highest it’s ever been, according to 2023 data. The sooner districts can engrain literacy skills that go beyond just explicit tasks, the easier it will be as they continue through the K-12 system, Reynolds said.

鈥淚 see the distinction between surface level and robust comprehension as critical to comprehension in fifth grade, but I also see it in the kids when they’re in 12th grade. Surface level comprehension and robust comprehension is the difference between a two on the AP exam and a three,鈥� he said.

But that may or may not be due to anything the schools themselves are doing. And poverty is not destiny; around the country, schools are bucking that general trend.

Last year, we set out to find the schools that were doing much better at teaching third graders to read than their poverty levels might predict. After looking at data for nearly 42,000 schools, we identified 2,158 that we called Bright Spots. While these schools didn鈥檛 always have the highest absolute scores, their students performed much better than might be expected, based on their poverty rates.

Today, we’re calling out 255 of those Bright Spots 鈥� five public schools in every state and Washington, D.C., that are beating the odds for their kids by the biggest margins.

For example, Merton E. Hill Elementary School in Orange County, California, had a student poverty rate of 87%. Given the relationship between poverty and reading outcomes across California, we expected the school to have just 29% of its third-graders reading proficiently. Instead, it surpassed 81%. As another example, Pocomoke Elementary School in Worcester County, Maryland, had 100% of its students qualify for free or reduced-price lunch, and yet it far exceeded statewide reading proficiency rates (71% versus 47%). 

Scroll through the list below to find the brightest stars in your state.

Bright Spots

Top Five Schools by State

(For more information on how we identified these schools, see the 鈥淎bout This Project鈥� section here. Or to see where these schools are located in your state, check out our interactive map.)

Missouri lawmakers have banned educators from leaning on a model of reading instruction called the 鈥渢hree-cueing鈥� method as part of a bipartisan education package signed by Gov. Mike Kehoe on Wednesday.

The law mandates that three cueing, which teaches students to , can be used to supplement lessons, but phonics should be the majority of instruction.

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State Rep. Ed Lewis, a Moberly Republican and sponsor of the legislation, told The Independent that the law builds on prior legislative efforts and work from the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education.

鈥淲e鈥檝e come to the realization that phonics is crucial,鈥� Lewis said. 鈥淭he three cueing system, when used as the primary source, evidence shows a decrease in the amount of learning that occurs, and for that reason, we want to use it less.鈥�

Three cueing is widely criticized for encouraging kids to make guesses when reading and doesn鈥檛 show how to sound out words, which is important for understanding complicated texts.

Missouri isn鈥檛 the only state to ban three cueing. By the end of 2024, had explicitly banned the method.

The problem with three cueing, which once was lauded as an alternative to phonics, came to public attention when American Public Media reporter Emily Hanford and later launched the podcast series 鈥�.鈥�

The series between phonics instruction and context-clue-based models and state laws followed 鈥� including a passed in Missouri in 2022.

The 2022 legislation required state education officials to create a teacher preparatory course on literacy. DESE, in turn, launched its , including instruction for educators.

As of this spring, 429 school districts and over 8,600 educators have had training in Language Essentials for Teachers of Reading and Spelling, or LETRS.

鈥淚t is pretty intense training,鈥� Missouri Education Commissioner Karla Eslinger told The Independent. 鈥淚t creates an opportunity for the teachers to use that science of reading, that evidence-based best practices on how you teach reading.鈥�

The training and other science-backed materials provided by the department are not mandatory but participation has been encouraging, Eslinger said.

She expects elementary literacy rates to rise as a result of the training and other efforts since 2022, like literacy coaches the department hired.

With a charge to ban three cueing as the primary form of reading instruction, Eslinger said the department will continue to push best practices.

鈥淲e are not going to police this,鈥� she said. 鈥淲e are going to show good practice and give support to good practice, so it just bolsters what we鈥檙e doing.鈥�

As part of a checklist school districts provide annually to the department, they will be required to confirm that they are not using three cueing as a primary instructional model.

鈥淭he work that our literacy teams are doing in the state is all being very well received. (Educators) are wanting more and more,鈥� Eslinger said. 鈥淚t is not because it is mandated, it is because it works.鈥�

is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Missouri Independent maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Jason Hancock for questions: info@missouriindependent.com.

Next week, the unpopular teacher licensure test, the Reading Instruction Competence Assessment, will be officially retired and replaced with a literacy performance assessment to ensure educators are prepared to teach students to read.

The Reading Instruction Competence Assessment (RICA) has been a major hurdle for teacher candidates for years. About a third of all the teacher candidates who took the test failed the first time, according to聽聽collected between 2012 and 2017. Critics have also said that the test is outdated and has added to the state鈥檚 teacher shortage.

The literacy performance assessment that replaces the RICA reflects an increased focus on foundational reading skills, including phonics. California, and many other states, are moving from teaching children to recognize words by sight to teaching them to decode words by sounding them out in an effort to boost literacy.

Mandated by , the literacy assessment reflects new standards that include support for struggling readers, English learners and pupils with exceptional needs, incorporating the  for the first time.

鈥淲e believe the literacy TPA will help ensure that new teachers demonstrate a strong grasp of evidence-based literacy instruction 鈥� an essential step toward improving reading outcomes for California鈥檚 students,鈥� said Marshall Tuck, CEO of EdVoice, a nonprofit education advocacy organization.

Literacy test on schedule

Erin Sullivan, director of the Professional Services Division of the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing, said the literacy performance assessment is ready for its July 1 launch.

鈥淲e鈥檝e been field-testing literacy performance assessments with, obviously, the multiple- and the single-subject candidates, but also the various specialist candidates, including visual impairment and deaf and hard of hearing,鈥� Sullivan said. 

California teacher candidates must pass one of three performance assessments approved by the commission before earning a preliminary credential: the California Teaching Performance Assessment , the Educative Teacher Performance Assessment ( or the Fresno Assessment of Student Teachers ().

A performance assessment allows teachers to demonstrate their competence by submitting evidence of their instructional practice through video clips and written reflections on their practice. 

鈥淚t鈥檚 very different,鈥� said Kathy Futterman, an adjunct professor in teacher education at California State University, East Bay. 鈥淭he RICA is an online test that has multiple-choice questions, versus the LPA 鈥� the performance assessment 鈥� which has candidates design and create three to five lesson plans. Then, they have to videotape portions of those lesson plans, and then they have to analyze and reflect on how those lessons went.鈥�

Field tests went well

, the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing board is expected to hear a report on the field test results, approve the passing score standards for the literacy cycle of the performance assessment and formally adopt the new test.

All but one of the 280 teacher candidates who took the new CalTPA literacy assessment during field testing passed, according to the report. Passing rates were lower on the FAST, with 51 of 59 passing on the first attempt, and on the edTPA with 192 of 242 passing.

 Cal State East Bay was one of the universities that piloted the test over the last two years. 

鈥淚t鈥檚 more hands-on and obviously with real students, so in that regard I think it was very helpful,鈥� Futterman said.

State could offer flexibility

Upcoming budget trailer bills are expected to offer some flexibility to teacher candidates who haven鈥檛 yet passed the RICA, Sullivan said. 

The commission is asking state leaders to allow candidates who have passed the CalTPA and other required assessments, except the RICA, to be allowed to continue taking the test through October, when the state contract for the RICA expires, she said.

鈥淲e are looking forward to putting RICA to bed and moving on to the literacy performance assessment, but 鈥� we don鈥檛 want to leave anybody stranded on RICA island,鈥� Sullivan said.

The commission has approved the Foundations of Reading examination as an alternative for a small group of teachers with special circumstances, including those who would have completed all credential requirements except the RICA by June 30, but the test may not be the best option for them, Sullivan said.

鈥淚t鈥檚 just a very different exam,鈥� Sullivan said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a national exam. And while the commission looked at it and said, 鈥榃e think this will work for our California candidates,鈥� it鈥檚 not the best-case scenario. So, trying to get these folks to pass the RICA and giving them every opportunity to do that until really it just goes away, that鈥檚 kind of what we鈥檙e looking at.鈥�

The Foundations of Reading exam, by Pearson, is used by . It assesses whether a teacher is proficient in literacy instruction, including developing phonics and decoding skills, as well as offering a strong literature, language and comprehension component with a balance of oral and written language, according to the commission鈥檚 website.

Teacher candidates who were allowed to earn a preliminary credential without passing the RICA during the Covid-19 pandemic; teachers with single-subject credentials, who want to earn a multiple-subject credential; and educators who completed teacher preparation in another country and/or as a part of the Peace Corps are also eligible to take the Foundations of Reading examination.

The Foundations of Reading test has been rated as strong by the National Council on Teacher Quality.

State focus on phonics

SB 488 was followed by a revision of the Literacy Standard and Teaching Performance Expectations for teachers, which outlined effective literacy instruction for students.

California state leaders have recently taken additional steps to ensure foundational reading skills are being taught in classrooms. On June 5, Gov. Gavin Newsom confirmed that the state budget will include hundreds of millions of dollars to fund legislation needed to achieve a comprehensive to early literacy.

, which passed the Assembly with a unanimous 75-0 vote that same day, would move the state鈥檚 schools toward adopting evidence-based literacy instruction, also known as the science of reading or structured literacy. 

On paper, that seemed like the right approach. But in reality, it left too many students behind 鈥� and failed to challenge others who were ready to move forward.

So, we decided to do something bold.

Ellis Elementary, followed by several other Rockford schools, started grouping students by reading ability instead of by grade. It wasn鈥檛 seamless. It wasn鈥檛 easy. But it was necessary. And the results have been worth every bit of effort.

Coming out of COVID, our students鈥� learning gaps were wide 鈥� and getting wider. The urgency was impossible to ignore. As teachers, we were trying everything we could to meet the needs of all our students, but our one-size-fits-all structure just wasn鈥檛 working.

Teaching whole-group lessons to a class of students who varied drastically in their reading skills meant instruction often landed in the middle 鈥� reaching few, if any, with the depth they needed.

It became clear: Our diverse learners needed diverse instruction. That shift in mindset was the beginning of everything.

As we began exploring the science of reading, we saw the potential to align our practices with how children actually learn to read. But more importantly, our teachers were ready. There was an energy and openness at Ellis that I鈥檒l never forget. Everyone understood that what we had been doing wasn鈥檛 enough 鈥� and they were eager for change.

You may have heard about this strategy on a recent episode of the popular podcast 鈥�,鈥� which highlights East Elementary in Steubenville, Ohio.

Here鈥檚 how it works at my school: Every morning, for 45 minutes, all students in grades K鈥�2 receive Tier 1 instruction using Reading Horizons. That鈥檚 14 classrooms running simultaneously, including general education teachers and interventionists.

To begin, we administer a spelling inventory aligned to the Reading Horizons scope and sequence. Based on those results, we create skill-based groups 鈥� regardless of students鈥� ages or grade levels. Groups range from letters and sounds coupled with phonemic awareness (more foundational), all the way to multisyllabic decoding and comprehension strategies (more advanced).

If your school isn鈥檛 ready to jump right into grouping by skill-level across grades, a possible first step is grouping by skill-level across same-grade classrooms, e.g., re-arrange all 1st grade students for foundational reading instruction. In this model, first-grade classrooms would “shuffle” to one classroom that focuses on more foundational concepts and moves slower, while another moves faster and brings in more authentic text.

But, at Ellis Elementary, we鈥檝e gone all in on regrouping by skill level, regardless of grade. We have 5-year-olds and 7-year-olds learning side by side, because that鈥檚 where they are in their reading journey.

Nobody learns at exactly the same pace. And that鈥檚 okay. In fact, it鈥檚 powerful.

As the instructional coach, I coordinate our skill groups, support teachers during instruction, and lead progress monitoring. We developed RH Checkpoints: simple assessments where students read and write words after each lesson to demonstrate their understanding.

We don’t move on if a group isn鈥檛 showing mastery. We pause. We support. And sometimes, we shift students into a group that鈥檚 a better fit.

This model has been a game-changer for our teachers. When they step into their English Language Arts block, they teach skills that every student in the room is ready for. There鈥檚 no guessing. No watering down instruction. It鈥檚 focused, intentional, and impactful.

And the students? They now see themselves as readers. They鈥檙e more confident, more engaged, and more successful.Teachers are happier. Students are thriving.

Grouping by ability isn鈥檛 without its challenges. Yes, it was messy at first. Yes, there were growing pains. But we committed to flexibility and collaboration. We moved beyond the idea that a teacher is responsible only for the students assigned to their classroom. Instead, we adopted a collective mentality:

All Ellis students are our students. With enough time, we found a rhythm.

There are some logistical hurdles when you mix age groups, especially for our most vulnerable learners. To address this, we try to keep groups small and ensure we have strong behavior support in place. But in four years of doing this work, we鈥檝e never encountered a problem we couldn鈥檛 solve with a little creativity and a team mindset.

The results we鈥檙e seeing go beyond test scores, though those have improved as well. Since the post-COVID low point in 2021, third-grade, end-of-year oral reading proficiency has risen by 18 percentage points, including an 8-point gain this school year alone. The number of students identified as at-risk has dropped by 25 points, with 19 of those points occurring this year.

Even more compelling: In one class, 72% of students who began the year labeled 鈥渁t-risk鈥� have reached or exceeded the end-of-year proficiency benchmark. While that outcome represents a single class, we鈥檙e seeing similar outcomes across the board.

Here鈥檚 what I鈥檇 tell any school thinking about making this shift:

鈼� It will feel chaotic at first. Stick with it.

鈼� Rules and procedures are critical. Set them early.

鈼� Everyone must be on board. From students to administration

鈼� Be ready to regroup. Mid-year reassessment is key.

鈼� Let the data guide you. Not assumptions. Not classrooms. Not grade levels.

This approach has created a culture where every adult is responsible for every student鈥檚 success, where no child is held back or left behind because of their age and where reading instruction is the best part of the day.

We鈥檝e made ability-based grouping our new normal. And we鈥檝e never looked back.

A lawsuit filed in Massachusetts state court accuses famous literacy specialists Lucy Calkins, Irene Fountas, and Gay Su Pinnell and their publisher Heinemann of pushing reading curriculums they knew didn鈥檛 work.

Adopting a consumer protection approach, the lawsuit charges the curriculum authors with 鈥渄eceptive and fraudulent marketing.鈥� The filing alleges they willfully ignored decades of research into more effective practices and used shoddy studies to prop up their own work, then charged school districts for updates when they were forced to admit their materials were not effective.

鈥淭hink about that: If your car is broken, and it鈥檚 the fault of the manufacturer, the manufacturer recalls the part and fixes it,鈥� said attorney Ben Elga, the lead attorney for the plaintiffs. 鈥淭hey do not charge you for their failure. It鈥檚 outrageous.鈥�

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The lawsuit also names Heinemann parent company HMH, previously known as Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, and Teachers College at Columbia University.

The plaintiffs, who are seeking class action status and inviting other families to join the lawsuit, are two Massachusetts families whose children struggled to learn to read. One of the parent plaintiffs, Karrie Conley, said in the lawsuit that due to her school district using Calkins鈥� Units of Study curriculum, she had to spend more on private school tuition and reading tutors for two of her children than she spent to send her older child to college.

鈥淣othing is more painful than trying to help them, but not knowing how,鈥� she said in a Wednesday press conference announcing the lawsuit. 鈥淪o many times I鈥檝e asked myself, How did it get like this? I trusted that when I was sending my children off to school, they were getting instruction that had been tested and proven effective. I trusted that these so-called experts were actually experts.鈥�

The lawsuit comes as many states are overhauling their approach to reading instruction to better align with decades of research into how children learn. What鈥檚 known as calls for explicit phonics instruction that helps students connect letters and sounds, as well as texts that help students build the background knowledge to understand what they read.

Calkins鈥� Units of Study curriculum and Fountas and Pinnell鈥檚 Leveled Literacy Intervention and other materials instead relied on exposure to books and promoted discredited methods such as three-cueing, in which students use the first letter of a word and various context clues, including pictures, to guess what a word might be.

These curriculums were widely used in American schools, with Calkins in particular achieving near legendary status among teachers. Critics say these instructional methods are largely to blame for American students鈥� low rates of reading proficiency. Journalist Emily Hanford鈥檚 and her podcast helped push these pedagogical debates into the public eye.

Calkins later and changed Units of Study to include more phonics instruction. But . Units of Study was once the , but the nation鈥檚 largest school system . Last year, Teachers College .

Fountas and Pinnell, meanwhile, have .

A lawsuit represents one perspective on a complaint. Representatives of Heinemann, Teachers College, and Calkins, Fountas, and Pinnell could not be reached for comment Wednesday. Heinemann has .

Dozens of states have adopted new curriculum standards that , but others, including Massachusetts, have not.

Elga, the lead attorney and founding executive director of , has a background in consumer protection and antitrust cases. He said he believes this is the first time that a consumer protection approach has been used to advance an education policy agenda.

鈥淐onsumer law is very broad, so there are a lot of cases that challenge products that don鈥檛 do what they say they should do or are marketed in a deceptive way,鈥� he said. 鈥淭his is the first case we鈥檙e aware of applying those laws to this type of product.鈥�

The lawsuit is seeking unspecified damages and injunctive relief, including that the defendants provide an early literacy curriculum that reflects the science of reading at no charge.

Families have previously sued states and school districts over rock-bottom literacy rates, alleging that government entities have failed in their obligation to meet students鈥� basic educational needs. These and that sent millions of dollars to districts with low reading levels but without mandates on how to teach reading.

Elga said he sees school districts as victims alongside students.

鈥淚t鈥檚 our contention that one of the major problems here is that the school districts have been the victims of this faulty marketing,鈥� he said. 鈥淪o we wanted to bring a case that challenged the people who were actually distributing these types of materials.鈥�

This story was originally published by Chalkbeat. Chalkbeat is a nonprofit news site covering educational change in public schools. Sign up for their newsletters at .

Oregon鈥檚 highest needs schools that are focused on revamping literacy instruction and boosting student reading proficiency will get federal financial help next year.

The U.S. Department of Education announced last week that it will send Oregon schools $11.5 million next school year, and could potentially allocate up to $57 million over the next five years to help the state鈥檚 Early Literacy Success Initiative. That initiative was passed by the Legislature in 2023 with an investment of $120 million in state dollars.

An investigation by the Capital Chronicle found the state has spent more than $250 million in the past 25 years to improve reading instruction in schools. But that money has failed to help more than a generation of students, with many teachers not using methods that work to teach reading. Many, the investigation found, were not taught effective reading instruction in the state鈥檚 public colleges of education.

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Over the last 25 years, nearly two in five Oregon fourth graders and one in five eighth graders have scored 鈥渂elow basic鈥� on the National Assessment of Educational Progress, often referred to as the nation鈥檚 report card. That means they struggle to read and understand simple words.

Schools can use the federal dollars for teacher development, reading tutors and specialists, literacy coaches and new reading curriculum, according to the news release from the U.S. Department of Education. Most Oregon schools are using one of the 15 reading curriculum on the state Board of Education鈥檚 approved materials list, but about 30% are not, , director of education initiatives for Gov. Tina Kotek鈥檚 office.

About 95% of the federal money will be funneled to districts through a competitive application process via the Oregon Department of Education, according to Marc Siegel, a spokesperson for the department. Precedence will go to schools with a high proportion of historically underserved students, including multilingual students and students with disabilities.

The rest of the federal money will help fund a comprehensive statewide literacy plan, Siegel said.

Oregon received the second highest award among the 23 state grants. Only the New Mexico Department of Education received more 鈥� about $11.9 million.

is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Oregon Capital Chronicle maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Lynne Terry for questions: info@oregoncapitalchronicle.com. Follow Oregon Capital Chronicle on and .

Alaska鈥檚 Department of Education and Early Development released statewide assessment data on Friday that shows most students are not proficient in core subjects.

The scores are similar to overall, even though the state in January. Education Commissioner Deena Bishop said then that Alaska鈥檚 standards are still in the top third in the nation.

The Alaska System of Academic Readiness test, commonly referred to as the AK STAR assessment, evaluates student knowledge of grade-level standards in English language arts and mathematics for third through ninth graders and grade-level standards for science in fifth, eighth and 10th grades.

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Student scores fall into four levels of achievement: advanced, proficient, approaching proficient, and needs support.

Across grade levels, roughly 32% of Alaska students were proficient or advanced in both English language arts and mathematics. Nearly 37% of students across grade levels tested were proficient or better in science.

Bishop appealed to Alaskans to use the results for continuous improvement in a statement released on Friday.

鈥淪tate assessments play a role in measuring how well our students meet the Alaska standards 鈥� standards shaped by Alaskan educators. By accepting the results without defense, we commit to using these data for improvement,鈥� she said in a news release. 鈥淎laska is not merely focused on the outcomes themselves, rather our goal is to build the capacity in our students鈥� foundational knowledge and ability for their future in work and life.鈥�

Pre-pandemic comparisons to measure if students鈥� scores are improving after school closures are difficult because the state changed its assessment. Scores were in the 2018-2019 academic year, however. Then, 39% of students were proficient in or advanced scorers in English language arts and nearly 36% of students were proficient or better in math.

Fifth graders performed best on the 2024 tests. More than 37% met or exceeded state proficiency standards, which was a nearly 2% increase over the previous year. Nearly half of fifth graders, more than 47%, were proficient or better in science standards.

Eighth, ninth and tenth graders had lower levels of proficiency. The state said 鈥渆fforts are underway鈥� to support students in reading and offer career and technical education options.

Officials with the state Department of Education and Early Childhood did not respond to questions about how to understand this year鈥檚 scores in the contact of previous years and pandemic recovery.

is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Alaska Beacon maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Andrew Kitchenman for questions: info@alaskabeacon.com. Follow Alaska Beacon on and .

An early look at new special education datasets reveals massive inconsistencies in how many children states are identifying as needing services, how much is being spent on them and whether that funding is tied to better outcomes, according to Marguerite Roza, director of Georgetown University鈥檚 Edunomics Lab.听

Preliminary though the research is, even the broad takeaways are especially timely, Roza recently told a group of policymakers, educators and journalists. The number of students with disabilities has risen dramatically over the last decade, as has the share of school budgets dedicated to paying for special education. 

鈥淗istorically, our tendency has been to look the other way on special ed spending,鈥� . 鈥淚t hasn鈥檛 gotten the same scrutiny [as] other elements in the district budget.鈥�

One immediate takeaway is that states that provide sound literacy instruction for all students also post better reading scores for special education students, Roza noted. Case in point: Mississippi, where in literacy have been credited to a 10-year push by state officials to ensure evidence-based reading instruction is taking place in every classroom.

Mississippi is one of two states that dedicated the smallest portion of its education budget 鈥� some 8% 鈥� to meeting the needs of special education students, yet it is one of four where children with disabilities perform the highest on the reading portion of the National Assessment of Educational Progress.

By contrast, Connecticut spends nearly 22% of its education budget on special education but has middle-of-the-pack reading performance among students with disabilities. More than half of the state鈥檚 third graders are reading below grade level, and a new law requiring science-based literacy instruction will until 2025. 

This finding is particularly important because the most common special education diagnosis, specific learning disability, includes children who are dyslexic or who have other neurological differences that interfere with their ability to process language or do math. More than a third of students receiving services fall into this category. 

High-quality core literacy instruction could mean fewer students who need an individualized education program 鈥� a federally mandated plan that spells out how a child with a disability will be served. Other research has shown that struggling readers whose needs are identified early are less likely to need intensive support in later grades. 

In the 2019-20 school year, the National Center for Education Statistics, part of the U.S. Department of Education鈥檚 research arm, began collecting data compiled by states on district-level special education spending. A number of states have yet to provide any information, but Edunomics researchers were able to combine the first two years of information with existing records to begin building an overview. 

Between the 2013-14 and 2022-23 school years, the number of children in special education rose from 6.5 million to 7.5 million, even as public school enrollment fell by more than 400,000. In four Northeastern states 鈥� New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Maine 鈥� 1 in 5 students now have an individualized education program, or IEP, while in 11 states, 13% or fewer receive services.

From state to state, diagnoses are wildly inconsistent, raising questions about the subjectivity of how students are funneled into special ed. New Mexico, for example, diagnoses specific learning disabilities in 8% of students, versus less than 3% in Kentucky and Idaho. However, despite identifying a high number of children with learning disorders, New Mexico has some of the lowest literacy rates among special education students in the country. 

New York refers almost three times as many children for speech and language services as Vermont and Maryland. Students in Maine are more than three times as likely to be categorized as 鈥渙ther health impairment鈥� 鈥� a diagnosis category that includes ADHD 鈥� as pupils in Montana, Nevada and Utah.

States also vary wildly in how many special education staffers schools employ, with Ohio and Idaho having less than 20 per 200 students. Hawaii, New York and New Hampshire have three times as many. Yet Hawaii significantly underperforms national averages. 

The data also raise questions about the quality of staff delivering services and inequities in how teachers are assigned to schools. Since 2007, the number of special education teachers has risen by 12%, while the number of specialists and paraprofessionals has jumped by 35% and 37%, respectively. 

One reason higher staffing levels don鈥檛 necessarily correlate to better student outcomes could be that instruction is being delivered by paraprofessionals 鈥� often low-skilled, entry-level staff 鈥� and not special education teachers. 

The data also suggest that the perennial shortage of special educators contributes to inequities in which kids get the most qualified instructors. In Massachusetts 鈥� which Edunomics researchers praised for its unusually transparent spending reports 鈥� low-poverty schools have higher numbers of licensed special educators. High-poverty schools have fewer teachers and far more paraprofessionals. 

Districts often cite federal maintenance-of-effort laws, which put strict guardrails on attempts to lower special education spending, as a reason why they don鈥檛 scrutinize the cost-effectiveness of their services. While some of these assumptions are incorrect, more legal flexibility would help, said Roza.

Disclosure: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Walton Family Foundation provide financial support to Edunomics Lab and 社区黑料.

State officials are looking to hire workers 鈥� teachers and non-teachers alike 鈥� to teach elementary and middle school students how to read this summer.

The New Mexico Summer Reading Program will provide reading instruction in small group, four-hour classes of children ranging in age from those becoming kindergarteners to ninth graders.

People hired to help children read will start the program in June and continue for four to six weeks through July, according to a news release.

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The deadline to apply is May 24; however, the state is encouraging people to apply by May 17 so they can start in June.

More information and the application can be found at . The program鈥檚 website shows 42 summer reading locations across New Mexico.

Three state agencies, the New Mexico Public Education Department, the Higher Education Department and the Early Childhood Education and Care Department said Monday they need 鈥渉undreds of additional instructors鈥� for the program, which has a goal to serve 10,000 students.

鈥淵ou do not need to be a licensed teacher to become a literacy instructor, but we encourage retired educators and educators on summer break to consider joining this historic statewide literacy effort,鈥� said Public Education Secretary Arsenio Romero.

Summer reading instructors would make $35 per hour, according to the news release. That鈥檚 significantly higher than the in New Mexico of $20 per hour.

People would have to commit to working for at least 25 hours per week.

The weeklong training will be paid at the same rate $35 per hour rate.The specialized training will be done by literacy experts prior to the program, at the end of May or the beginning of June.

New Mexico ranks 50th in literacy with 79% of fourth grade students reading below grade level, to the children鈥檚 literacy nonprofit Reading is Fundamental.

is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Source New Mexico maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Shaun Griswold for questions: info@sourcenm.com. Follow Source New Mexico on and .

New Hampshire public school teachers and officials would be required to update how they teach reading under a bill heading to Gov. Chris Sununu鈥檚 desk.

, which passed the Senate by voice vote Thursday, would formally implement the 鈥渇ive essential components of reading鈥� into curricula across the state. That teaching process, developed in 1997 by the National Reading Panel, focuses on teaching phonetics rather than older instructional models that allow students to guess words based on visual patterns.

The approach for decades as a more thorough way to teach reading, but not all New Hampshire school districts have implemented it on their own, proponents of the bill say.

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鈥淭his bill can ensure all New Hampshire children are afforded reading development and instruction that鈥檚 delivered in a manner that meets their individual abilities and their individual needs,鈥� said Rep. Corrine Cascadden, a Berlin Democrat, in testimony to the Senate.

Under , elementary schools are required to teach literacy up to third grade, instruction that includes 鈥渞eading, writing, speaking, listening, reasoning, and mathematics.鈥�

The bill requires instruction up to fifth grade and adds specific requirements for that instruction. According to the bill, the teaching must be measurable and evidence-based, and must include instruction in the five components: 鈥減honemic awareness, phonics (both decoding and encoding of sounds and words), fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.鈥�

The instruction would need to be aimed at allowing each student to achieve 鈥済rade level literacy,鈥� the bill states.

The bill also expands on the current requirement that schools teach mathematics by requiring 鈥渕athematics reasoning鈥� and 鈥渕athematics calculation鈥� in state statute.

If signed into law, the bill will not take effect until July 2027, which sponsors say is intended to give schools more time to implement it.

Cascadden, a former elementary school principal in Berlin, said she had implemented the five components in 2005, when they were recommended by the state鈥檚 Department of Education at the time. 鈥淲e saw success in the percentage of kids that improved in literacy,鈥� she said.

But she said there has been less emphasis on the practice, and that some schools had since 鈥渇allen by the wayside.鈥�

The bill passed the House nearly unanimously in March, 365-9.

is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. New Hampshire Bulletin maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Dana Wormald for questions: info@newhampshirebulletin.com. Follow New Hampshire Bulletin on and .

In its 2016 state-by-state, college-by-college Teacher Prep Review, the branded the reading preparation program at Rhode Island College (RIC) with an 鈥淔.鈥�

Then, in 2023, the gave it an 鈥淎+.鈥� A meteoric change.

The council has been assessing teacher-preparation programs nationally since 2000. Its evaluations are controversial and often dismissed as out of touch with what teacher prep programs were actually doing. Well, yes. The council has long condemned the now debunked approach to reading instruction as outright harmful, even though it dominated higher education鈥檚 prep programs for 50 years. Instead, its evaluation criteria judges programs according to the novices need to become competent reading teachers.

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To be fair, the University of Rhode Island got an 鈥淎.鈥� But today is about the 鈥淎+鈥� story. What happened in the relatively short time between 鈥淔鈥� and 鈥淎+鈥�?

Recently, in a conference room at RIC, I put that question to Associate Professor  (special education) and Associate Professor . (Interim Dean Carol A. Cummings and Interim Associate Dean Beth Pinheiro were also there.)

RIC鈥檚 transformation story starts slowly. Around 2009, the reading professors began refining their coursework with more science-based lessons, in effect seeding what will become fertile curricular soil. 鈥淲e didn鈥檛 feel like we were jumping on a bandwagon or letting go of anything,鈥� like Balanced Literacy, Obel-Omia said. 鈥淲e were just building our competencies.鈥�

McDermott-Fasys has of how RIC worked with various partner organizations toward 鈥渟hared responsibility between general education and special education.鈥� Together, they broke down silos that too often led to the need for 鈥渟pecialized language schools [which] in our area often had no seats available.鈥� (And cost a fortune.)

Mending the division between general and special education led to the realization that a successful revamp of their reading program would hew to the needs of the dyslexic population. What works for them, works for all kids.

Together they studied a multi-tiered support system that teaches educators to chart and monitor struggling students. This framework can apply to all subjects, and problematic behavior, by sorting skills and remediation, in this case for reading, into three tiers of intensifying personalized support:

Tier I is for all kids, the general education that builds foundational skills. Tier II are intervention techniques for those showing signs of struggling. Tier III is for students whose special needs lie beyond the capacity of a regular classroom teacher, like those with serious dyslexia.

But RIC鈥檚 reading redesign folks wanted more. In 2016, they began working with the Center on their protocol.

They identified what RIC graduates should know and be able to do to support all their students, whether they had special needs or not. Then the program redesigners took a microscope to their curriculum looking for redundancies, gaps and opportunities.

Proficient reading requires many skills to come together. Glitches in any one of those skills can screw up a kid鈥檚 progress. For example, the inability to hear the distinction between the sounds that make up words will leave the kid entirely in the dust. Thus, a course of study must teach novices to:

Provide an aligned sequence of all the necessary skillsHave assessments that flag problemsBe equipped with techniques that ameliorate or resolve those problems.

The professors broke down their courses into units that could be mapped. What was actually being taught? In what order? With what intensity? The mapping laid bare previously unseen details of their curriculum. Some competencies seemed randomly spread across the four courses already designated for teaching reading.

The shocker: finding few early intervention units (Tier II). If kids are struggling with general education, what are available methods of getting the kid back on track before turning to specialists? And whose responsibility are early reading problems, the classroom teacher or special educators? The redesign team decided that responses to early red flags should be shared by both.

So they reorganized the content into four new, well-aligned courses. Two classes focus on the foundational skills. But a new, dedicated intervention course equips all teachers to help a child starting to struggle. The specialists still have their specialized training, but now they also take a general education course so everyone shares an understanding of the spectrum from general to special education.

The philosophy of the elementary department changed from 鈥渕y course鈥� to 鈥渙ur scope and sequence,鈥� McDermott-Fasy proudly told me.

When Rhode Island鈥檚 2019 passed, RIC compared its demands with the newly-aligned program. They were in superb shape. The state approved their program in 2023, the same year the council gave them the 鈥淎+鈥�.

The 鈥檚 new document estimates that with effective instruction, over 90% of students would learn to read without needing specialist attention.

Rhode Island has about 4th graders, of whom roughly 3,300 kids were proficient in the 2023 English Language Arts state test. As new and improved teachers emerge from Rhode Island鈥檚 public prep programs, they鈥檒l join the existing classroom teachers also learning science-backed techniques.

In the fullness of time, we could have 9,000 proficient 4th-grade readers, prepared for academic success and a better shot at thriving in their lives.

is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Rhode Island Current maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Janine L. Weisman for questions: info@rhodeislandcurrent.com. Follow Rhode Island Current on and .

Assemblymember Blanca Rubio (D-Baldwin Park) and 13 co-authors have proposed a bill that would update the state鈥檚 English curriculum with the science of reading 鈥� research that has found the best way to teach reading is through phonics, phonemic awareness, oral reading fluency, vocabulary and comprehension.

The bill calls for more instructional materials and curriculum for classrooms to align with the science of reading. It also emphasizes the need for increased professional development for teachers and more progress monitoring for students struggling with reading. 

鈥淎ll English language arts, English language development, and reading textbooks and instructional materials for transitional kindergarten, kindergarten, and any of grades 1 to 8, inclusive, shall adhere to the science of reading,鈥� reads the bill which was submitted to the Assembly鈥檚 education and higher education committee in February.

Schools would require a waiver if educators wanted to use instructional materials that aren鈥檛 aligned with the science of reading. It is supported by 12 Democrats and two Republicans in the state assembly.

 A December 2023 by , and found 60% of California students aren鈥檛 reading at grade level skills by the time they reach third grade. 

鈥淎s an educator, I have firsthand knowledge of the struggles instructors face to ensure their students know how to read,鈥� Rubio said in a statement. 鈥淐alifornia teachers work tirelessly to better the success of each student. However, California is failing its students, especially diverse students from low-income families.鈥�

In the 2022-2023 school year, 31% of third-graders in low-income families were reading on grade level. For students not considered low-income, 63% were reading on grade level.

That trend has been steady for nearly a decade, with low-income students underperforming in reading tests every year since at least 2014.

鈥淗istorically, we鈥檝e seen low performance in literacy in California,鈥� said Eugenia Mora-Flores, a professor and an assistant dean at USC鈥檚 Rossier School of Education. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not surprising, actually. We鈥檝e definitely seen low literacy performance in large districts like L.A. Unified and others where we have students that are not performing at grade level.鈥�

To address low scores, legislators want teachers to use the science of reading. Some schools across the state already use this method when teaching students. Others use 鈥渨hole language,鈥� which focuses on the meanings of words instead of breaking them down into pieces.

That鈥檚 different from the science of reading, which relies on phonics and encourages students to learn how letter combinations sound out loud to decode words based on their spellings.

鈥淸The science of reading] is an acknowledgment that kids will learn to read if they can learn the letters, sound them out and gradually pick up on fluency over time,鈥� said Pedro Noguera, dean of USC鈥檚 education school. 鈥淚f you don’t read at proficiency by third grade, then you’re in trouble because everything in school is literacy-based. After learning to read, then you read to learn, right? If you can’t read a math problem, you can’t do the math.鈥�

Noguera said a mandate alone won鈥檛 solve California鈥檚 literacy problem without looking at the bigger picture when it comes to teaching kids to read.

鈥淚f we just focus on the science of reading, on phonics, we鈥檙e also missing the point, right?鈥� Noguera said. 鈥淚f we want kids to be good readers, phonics is not going to take them there. They need good books. They need a comprehensive approach to literacy.鈥� 

鈥淎ll English language arts, English language development, and reading textbooks and instructional materials for transitional kindergarten, kindergarten, and any of grades 1 to 8, inclusive, shall adhere to the science of reading,鈥� the bill reads.

Dozens of states across the country have already implemented laws enforcing the science of reading.

Last year, Indiana mandated that schools must use the science of reading by fall 2024. So have legislators in Michigan, Utah, Kansas, Oklahoma, North Dakota, Pennsylvania and the Carolinas, among others. 

In a state with one of the in the country, Mora-Flores said it will come down to how well the mandate is implemented across California.

鈥淚n some ways, [the bill] can be seen as a good thing because it’s saying, at minimum, we all need to make sure kids are getting something, and you’re going to be held accountable to it because now it’s policy,鈥� Mora-Flores said. 鈥淥n the other side of that, it’s really going to come down to the quality of translation and implementation.鈥�

This article is part of a collaboration between 社区黑料 and the USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism.